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The Mandukya Upanishad is a seminal Sanskrit scripture of Hinduism, distinguished as the shortest of all the principal Upanishads. Comprising just twelve concise prose verses, it is assigned to the Atharvaveda and holds a preeminent position in the Vedanta school of philosophy, particularly Advaita Vedanta. The Upanishad's central purpose is to expound on the profound meaning of the sacred syllable Aum (Om), presenting it as a symbol for the entirety of reality (Brahman) and its identity with the individual Self (Atman). Its core doctrine is articulated through a systematic analysis of the four states of consciousness: waking (Jågrat), dreaming (Svapna), deep sleep (Suṣupti), and a transcendent fourth state known as Turiya. This framework is used to demonstrate the non-dual (advaita) nature of ultimate reality, culminating in the foundational declaration, "this Self is Brahman." The text's immense influence is disproportionate to its length. It is lauded in the Muktikā Upanishad as being singularly sufficient for attaining spiritual liberation (moksha). It served as the direct inspiration for Gaudapada's Mandukya Karika, the earliest known systematic treatise on Advaita Vedanta, which was later elaborated upon by the philosopher Adi Shankara. The Upanishad is also a key text in scholarly discussions concerning the chronology and philosophical interplay between Hinduism and Buddhism. The Mandukya Upanishad is an ancient Sanskrit text consisting of twelve short prose paragraphs. It is associated with the Atharvaveda and a Rig Vedic school of scholars. The etymology of its name is debated, with potential roots in Manduka (meaning "frog") or Mānduka, which refers to "a Vedic school" or "a teacher." Brahman, and Atman The Upanishad's primary theme is the identity between Aum, the Self (Atman), and the ultimate reality (Brahman). It opens with the declaration, "Aum!, this syllable is this whole world," and proceeds to assert, "All this is surely Brahman. This Self is Brahman." This identity is explored through a fourfold analysis of the syllable Aum. The Four States of Consciousness The Upanishad introduces a unique method of investigating reality by analyzing the four states of the Self, or Atman. These are referred to as the four "quarters" (catuspat), which are progressively merged to realize the final, non-dual reality. First Quarter: Vaishvanara (Waking State) • Sphere of Activity: The waking state (jågrat). • Consciousness: Described as outward-knowing (bahish-prajnya), aware of the daily world. • Object of Enjoyment: Enjoys gross objects (sthulabhuk). • Attributes: Possesses seven limbs and nineteen mouths. Shankara's commentary explains these as corresponding to the cosmic body of Virat (e.g., heaven as the head, the sun as the eye) and the nineteen entry points for experience (five senses, five organs of action, five vital breaths, mind, intellect, ego, and mind-stuff). • Associated Body: Gross body (sthula). Second Quarter: Taijasa (Dreaming State) • Sphere of Activity: The dream state (svapna). • Consciousness: Described as inward-knowing (antah-prajnya). In this state, the mind, containing impressions from the waking world, experiences subtle objects without external stimuli. • Object of Enjoyment: Enjoys subtle, exquisite objects (pravivikta). • Attributes: It is called Taijasa (the burning or luminous one) because it witnesses modes of cognition that appear as pure light. • Associated Body: Subtle body. Third Quarter: Prajna (Deep Sleep State) • Sphere of Activity: The state of deep sleep (suṣupti), where the sleeper has no desires and experiences no dreams. • Consciousness: The underlying ground of consciousness is undistracted. It is described as a unified, undifferentiated (ekibhütah) mass of consciousness (prajnanaghanah). • Object of Enjoyment: Experiences bliss (anandamayah) arising from the absence of effort and misery. • Attributes: This state is identified as the "Lord of all" (sarv'-eshvara), the "knower of all" (sarva-jnya), the "inner controller" (antar-yami), and the "source of all." It is the doorway (cetomukhah) to the experiences of the other two states. • Associated Body: Causal body. The Fourth State: Turiya • Nature: Turiya is not a state among the others but is the constant background that underlies and transcends them. • Description: It is beyond all cognitive states—extrospective, introspective, and undifferentiated. It is described as the state of "one with the Self" (ekatmya pratyaya sara), tranquil, benign, and non-dual (advaita). • Experience: This is the true state of experience, apprehending the infinite (ananta) and non-different (abheda), free from the dualistic conceptualization of reality. It is where ajativada (non-origination) is apprehended