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Epidemiological statistics

This lecture introduces the core principles of epidemiology, defining it as the study of disease distribution and determinants in populations. It contrasts primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and emphasises epidemiology's role in clinical practice. Key etiologic models are presented, including the counterfactual paradigm, the sufficient-component cause model, and directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) for visualising causal relationships. The lecture distinguishes between measures of disease occurrence, such as risk (cumulative incidence) and incidence rate, and explains methods for their calculation. Finally, it covers comparative measures like risk ratios, rate ratios, and odds ratios, highlighting their interpretation and appropriate use in different study designs.