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Hidden Magnetism of Sunspots

This research article presents a Bayesian inference method used to analyze the emergence of 126 bipolar active regions (ARs) during Solar Cycle 23. By applying a half-torus flux rope model to magnetogram data, the authors estimate sub-photospheric properties such as axial magnetic flux, twist, and emergence depth. The study reveals that most flux ropes only partially emerge through the solar surface, with their "legs" remaining inclined rather than becoming fully vertical. A key discovery is the constant ratio between the flux rope’s thickness and its curvature radius, suggesting that convective drag and magnetic tension regulate their geometric evolution. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that their model provides a more accurate estimation of polarity separation and expansion speeds than traditional barycenter measurements. These findings offer refined physical constraints for future numerical simulations of solar magnetic activity.