History of the city of TASHKENT until 1865. скачать в хорошем качестве

History of the city of TASHKENT until 1865.

From Chach to Binkat The #Chirchik river basin is the cradle of one of the oldest agricultural and urban civilizations in #Central_Asia. Within its boundaries, the capital center of the oasis was born and moved throughout history, which today bears the name of #Tashkent. The #natural dissected hydro-network of the oasis created a convenient basis for artificial irrigation. More than 2.5 thousand years ago, the first settlement of farmers arose on the territory of the future #city of Tashkent. Its ruins have been studied by archaeologists in the lower horizon of the ancient settlement of Shashtepa along Chashtepinskaya #Street. The inhabitants of the Shashtepa settlement settled near the Jun duct, the water surface of which was almost at the level of the banks, which made it possible to divert water to the fields without much difficulty. These early farmers sowed barley and soft wheat, worked the land with stone hoes, and harvested the crops with bronze sickles. The inhabitants of the village bred mainly sheep and goats, which were driven to mountain pastures for the summer. Horses, donkeys and camels were also used in the economy. In addition to bronze, they mastered iron, producing tools from it. Weaving was widely developed. Fine and coarse woolen fabrics were produced from wool and sesame fibers. The ancient population worshiped the forces of nature and fertility deities. The early parts of the Avesta, the sacred book of the Zoroastrians, tell us about such relationships. The messages of Greek and Roman authors, for example, Herodotus, Dionysius Periegetes, tell about the tribes and peoples of the Zayaksarts - the Sakas, who lived far beyond the eastern borders of the Mediterranean world, including the Tashkent oasis. Some information can be gleaned from the inscriptions left by the kings of Iran from the Achaemenid dynasty, as well as from the Avesta, in which the Zayaksart Sakas are called "mighty tours." From them we learn the ancient name of the Syrdarya River - Yaksart or Yakshart. The settlement of Ming-Uryuk near the current North Station also testifies to the ancient history of Tashkent. The first fortifications of the city were built at the end of the 1st century. BC e. - the beginning of the 1st c. n. e., as if taking over from the first settlement opened on Shashtepa, the baton of urban construction. In the 7th - early 8th centuries. the palace building of the ruler was built here. The city itself occupied an area of about 40 hectares. The Tashkent oasis at that time was the core of the Kangyui state. Its capital was a city in the Akhangaran valley (70 km from modern Tashkent), where the ancient settlement of Kanka is now located, spread over 160 hectares. In Chinese chronicles, he was called Yuni, as well as Shi, from the 3rd century BC. AD became the capital of an independent state. In the second half of the III century. AD the rulers of this state issued their own coin. From them we learned about the self-name of the state - Chachanap (people or country of Chach). As a geographical name, Chach was first mentioned in the inscription of the Sasanian king Shapur I, carved on the Kaaba of Zoroaster in Iran in 262 AD. In the 5th century AD Chachanap was conquered by the Hephthalites, who created a huge power in the territory of Central Asia. In the VI century. AD it was replaced by the Turkic Khaganate. Over time, the center of the Tashkent oasis moved from Kanki to the north, to the territory of modern Tashkent, to the city that already existed here on Ming-Uryuk. Tashkent - "stone city". It is clear that the name does not have a direct meaning, because the city has never been made of stone. Most likely, this epithet reflected the courage and steadfastness of the inhabitants of Chach, shown in the fight against enemies. Recall that the city arose in the country of those very "powerful tours" about which the Avesta narrates. Perhaps this name also reflects a hint of the wealth of the Chatkal-Kuramin mountains - semi-precious stones, in particular, turquoise? From the beginning of the 7th century, the role of the capital was finally assigned to the city on Ming-Uryuk. Its economic growth was facilitated by the intensive development of the ore resources of the Chatkal-Kuramin mountains. The "silver mine of Chacha" is known. Turquoise and iron were also mined. The movement here from the south of the main caravan routes and the center of international transit trade also favored the rise of Chach. In the Tashkent microoasis, that is, on the territory of modern Tashkent, in the early Middle Ages, a whole knot of four cities and up to 20 castles and villages was formed. The central place among them was occupied by the capital - Madinat al-Shash. This is how Arab sources call the city, the ruins of which have been studied at the site of Ming-Uryuk. to be continued....