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uterus

The wall of uterus is composed of three layers an outer perimetrium lined with serosa or adventitia, a thick smooth muscle layer called the myometrium, and an inner endometrium. The endometrium is subdivided into two layers, the luminal stratum functionalis and the basal stratum basalis. During the menstrual cycle, the endometrium exhibits morphological changes that are correlated with ovarian functions. These changes are divided into the proliferative phase, the secretory phase, and the menstrual phase. In the proliferative phase, the stratum functionalis increases in thickness, and the uterine glands elongate and follow a straight course to the surface. The spiral arteries are primarily seen in the deeper regions of the endometrium. The lamina propria in the upper regions of the endometrium resembles mesenchymal tissue. The connective tissue in the basalis layer is more compact and appears darker. The stroma is highly cellular. The endometrium is situated above the myometrium, which consists of compact bundles of smooth muscle separated by thin strands of interstitial connective tissue with blood vessels. The secretory phase of menstrual cycle starts after the ovulation of the mature follicle. The funcionalis layer and basalis layer become thicker because of increased glandular secretions and edema in the lamina propria. The epithelium of the uterine glands undergoes hypertrophy because of increased accumulation of the secretory product. The uterine glands also become highly coiled, and their lumina dilated with secretory material rich in carbohydrates. The spiral arteries continue to extend into the upper portion of the endometrium and become prominent because of thicker walls. The basalis layer exhibits minimal changes. Stained: hematoxylin-eosin (nuclei of cells are violet, cytoplasm is pink) Author: Mgr. Tereza Blassová, Ph.D. Scaning of the specimen: Mgr. Yaroslav Kolinko, Ph.D.