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Fundamental Particles and Forces

Fundamental Particles and Forces Fundamental particles are the basic units of matter and energy, forming the universe's foundation as described by the Standard Model of particle physics. This model categorizes particles into quarks, leptons, and bosons, each playing a unique role in natural phenomena. While quarks form protons and neutrons, leptons like electrons exhibit distinct behaviors. Bosons mediate fundamental forces, including electromagnetism and the strong nuclear force. Despite its successes, the Standard Model has limitations, prompting theories like Supersymmetry and String Theory to address unresolved questions about gravity, dark matter, and the universe's composition. References Griffiths, D. (2008). Introduction to Elementary Particles. Wiley. CERN. (2012). "Observation of the Higgs Boson." Weinberg, S. (1995). The Quantum Theory of Fields. Cambridge University Press. Ellis, J. (2016). "Physics Beyond the Standard Model." Nature Physics.