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Paranthropus Evolution

2 million years ago an upright walking group of hominins roamed Africa. Not our ancestors but Paranthropus. Who were they? How are we related? Did they give us herpes? Also, other questions! Sources: 1 - Backwell, L. R., and F. D'errico. “Evidence of Termite Foraging by Swartkrans Early Hominids.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 98, no. 4, 2001, pp. 1358–1363., doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.1358. 2 - Cerling, T. E., et al. “Diet of Paranthropus Boisei in the Early Pleistocene of East Africa.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 23, 2011, pp. 9337–9341., doi:10.1073/pnas.1104627108. 3 - Constantino, Paul, and Bernard Wood. “The Evolution of Zinjanthropus Boisei.” Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews, vol. 16, no. 2, 2007, pp. 49–62., doi:10.1002/evan.20130. 4 - Copeland, Sandi R., et al. “Erratum: Strontium Isotope Evidence for Landscape Use by Early Hominins.” Nature, vol. 475, no. 7357, 2011, pp. 532–532., doi:10.1038/nature10269. 5 - Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel, et al. “First Partial Skeleton of a 1.34-Million-Year-Old Paranthropus Boisei from Bed II, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania.” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 12, 2013, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080347. 6 - Haile-Selassie, Yohannes, et al. “The Pliocene Hominin Diversity Conundrum: Do More Fossils Mean Less Clarity?” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 113, no. 23, 2016, pp. 6364–6371., doi:10.1073/pnas.1521266113. 7 - Johannes van der Merwe, Nikolaas, and Marion Bamford. “Isotopic Evidence For Contrasting Diets of Early Hominins Homo Habilis and Australopithecus Boisei of Tanzania.” South African Journal of Science, Mar. 2008. 8 - Lee-Thorp, J. “The Demise of ‘Nutcracker Man.’” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 108, no. 23, 2011, pp. 9319–9320., doi:10.1073/pnas.1105808108. 9 - Mcpherron, Shannon P., et al. “Evidence for Stone-Tool-Assisted Consumption of Animal Tissues before 3.39 Million Years Ago at Dikika, Ethiopia.” Nature, vol. 466, no. 7308, 2010, pp. 857–860., doi:10.1038/nature09248. 10 - Roberts, Alice M., et al. Evolution: the Human Story. DK Publishing, 2018. 11 - Sponheimer, M., et al. “Isotopic Evidence for Dietary Variability in the Early Hominin Paranthropus Robustus.” Science, vol. 314, no. 5801, 2006, pp. 980–982., doi:10.1126/science.1133827. 12 - Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory and the Development of Human Societies. Thames & Hudson, 2018. 13 - Susman, R. “Hand of Paranthropus Robustus from Member 1, Swartkrans: Fossil Evidence for Tool Behavior.” Science, vol. 240, no. 4853, 1988, pp. 781–784., doi:10.1126/science.3129783. 14 - Underdown, Simon J., et al. “Network Analysis of the Hominin Origin of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 from Fossil Data.” Virus Evolution, vol. 3, no. 2, 2017, doi:10.1093/ve/vex026. 15 - Wertheim, Joel O., et al. “Evolutionary Origins of Human Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2.” Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 31, no. 9, 2014, pp. 2356–2364., doi:10.1093/molbev/msu185 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - www.stefanmilo.com www.twitter.com/Historysmilo www.instagram.com/historysmilo