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Molecular Evolution: Genes And Proteins

  / sciencereason   ... Facts of Evolution (Part 8): Molecular Evolution - Genes and Proteins. --- Please SUBSCRIBE to Science & Reason: •    / best0fscience   •    / sciencetv   •    / ffreethinker   --- EVOLUTION IS REAL SCIENCE: 1. Does The Evidence Support Evolution?    • Does The Evidence Support Evolution?   2. Vitamin C And Common Ancestry    • Vitamin C And Common Ancestry   3. Are We Descended From Viruses?    • Human Evolution: Are We Descended From Vir...   4. Does The Fossil Record Support Evolution?    • Does The Fossil Record Support Evolution?   5. Where Are The Transitional Forms?    • Evolution: Where Are The Transitional Forms?   FACTS OF EVOLUTION: 1. Introduction    • Facts Of Evolution   2. Universal Common Descent    • Facts Of Evolution: Universal Common Descent   3. Good Design, Bad Design    • Facts Of Evolution: Good Design, Bad Design   4. Speciation And Extinction    • Facts Of Evolution: Speciation And Extinction   5. How Fast Is Evolution?    • How Fast Is Evolution?   6. What Can Embryos Tell Us About Evolution?    • What Can Embryos Tell Us About Evolution?   7. The Molecules Of Life    • Facts Of Evolution: The Molecules Of Life   8. Molecular Evolution: Genes And Proteins    • Molecular Evolution: Genes And Proteins   9. Retroviruses And Pseudogenes    • Facts Of Evolution: Retroviruses And Pseud...   --- Molecular evolution is the process of evolution at the scale of DNA, RNA, and proteins. Molecular evolution emerged as a scientific field in the 1960s as researchers from molecular biology, evolutionary biology and population genetics sought to understand recent discoveries on the structure and function of nucleic acids and protein. Some of the key topics that spurred development of the field have been the evolution of enzyme function, the use of nucleic acid divergence as a "molecular clock" to study species divergence, and the origin of non-functional or junk DNA. Recent advances in genomics, including whole-genome sequencing, high-throughput protein characterization, and bioinformatics have led to a dramatic increase in studies on the topic. In the 2000s, some of the active topics have been the role of gene duplication in the emergence of novel gene function, the extent of adaptive molecular evolution versus neutral drift, and the identification of molecular changes responsible for various human characteristics especially those pertaining to infection, disease, and cognition. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_evo... --- Principles of molecular evolution Mutations are permanent, transmissible changes to the genetic material (usually DNA or RNA) of a cell. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to radiation, chemicals, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes such as meiosis or hypermutation. Mutations are considered the driving force of evolution, where less favorable (or deleterious) mutations are removed from the gene pool by natural selection, while more favorable (or beneficial) ones tend to accumulate. Neutral mutations do not affect the organism's chances of survival in its natural environment and can accumulate over time, which might result in what is known as punctuated equilibrium; the modern interpretation of classic evolutionary theory. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_evo... .