Neurotransmitters | Neurons | Nerve Cell | Nervous System Crash Course | Basic Science Series скачать в хорошем качестве

Neurotransmitters | Neurons | Nerve Cell | Nervous System Crash Course | Basic Science Series

Neurotransmitters | Neurons | Nerve Cell | Synapses | Nervous System Crash Course | Basic Science Series 1. Preciously in our nervous system series, we discussed the nervous system and nerve cell. In this video, I wanted to focus on neurotransmitters the chemical signals of our nervous system. Neurotransmitters are chemical signal messengers that transmit a message from a nerve cell across the synapse to a target cell. The target can be another nerve cell, a muscle cell, or a gland cell. They are chemicals made by the nerve cell specifically to transmit the message. 2. Neurotransmitters are released from synaptic vesicles in synapses into the synaptic cleft, where they are received by neurotransmitter receptors on the target cell. 3. Neurotransmitters are stored in synaptic vesicles, clustered close to the cell membrane at the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron. 4. Neurotransmitters are released into and diffuse across the synaptic cleft, where they bind to specific receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron. 5. Binding of neurotransmitters may influence the postsynaptic neuron in either excitation or inhibitory way, depolarizing or repolarizing it respectively. 6. Many neurotransmitters are synthesized from simple precursors such as amino acids, which are readily available and only require a small number of biosynthetic steps for conversion. 7. Neurotransmitters are essential to the function of complex neural systems. The exact number of unique neurotransmitters in humans is unknown, but more than 200 have been identified. 8. Most of the neurotransmitters are about the size of a single amino acid; however, some neurotransmitters may be the size of larger proteins or peptides. 9. A released neurotransmitter is typically available in the synaptic cleft for a short time before it is metabolized by enzymes, pulled back into the presynaptic neuron through reuptake, or bound to a postsynaptic receptor. Nevertheless, short-term exposure of the receptor to a neurotransmitter is typically sufficient for causing a postsynaptic response by way of synaptic transmission. 10. Generally, a neurotransmitter is released at the presynaptic terminal in response to a threshold action potential or graded electrical potential in the presynaptic neuron. However, low level 'baseline' release also occurs without electrical stimulation. 11. There are four basic criteria for identifying neurotransmitters: The chemical must be synthesized in the neuron or otherwise be present in it. When the neuron is active, the chemical must be released and produce a response in some targets. The same response must be obtained when the chemical is experimentally placed on the target. A mechanism must exist for removing the chemical from its site of activation after its work is done. 12. There are many different ways to classify neurotransmitters. Dividing them into amino acids, Gasotransmitters ,Trace amines peptides, monoamines, Purines is sufficient for the preliminary classification purposes. 13. Amino acids as neurotransmitters include glutamate, aspartate, D-serine, gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine 14. Gasotransmitters as neurotransmitters include nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 15. Monoamines as neurotransmitters include dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (noradrenaline; NE, NA), epinephrine (adrenaline), histamine, serotonin (SER, 5-HT) 16. Trace amines as neurotransmitters include phenethylamine, N-methylphenethylamine, tyramine, 3-iodothyronamine, octopamine, and tryptamine, etc. 17. Peptides as neurotransmitters include oxytocin, somatostatin, substance P, amphetamine regulated transcript, and opioid peptides 18. Purines as neurotransmitter include adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine Support my work at https://www.patreon.com/user?u=37177596 Twitter:   / drkumarlokender   Facebook:   / lokenderkumar.sharma   Linkedin:   / dr-lokender-kumar-58525945   Disclaimer: The information provided is for educational purposes only. The content of this channel should not be considered as medical advice of any kind. Please consult your doctor for medical help. Use this information at your own risk. We hold no responsibility for any issue, concerns, or damage arising from the content of the video. Under no circumstances Basic Science Series English be responsible or liable in any way for any content, including but not limited to, any errors or omissions in the content, any loss, any damage of any kind incurred as a result of any content communicated in this video, whether by Basic Science Series English or a third party. In no event shall Basic Science Series English be liable for any special indirect or consequential damages of any damages whatsoever resulting from the content of our channel. The original source of the information: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotr...