Know more infectious disease 了解更多感染性疾病 (English version) скачать в хорошем качестве

Know more infectious disease 了解更多感染性疾病 (English version)

Know more infectious disease 了解更多感染性疾病 q 感染（Infection）指的是疾病的病原体侵入生物的组织后，开始繁殖，以及宿主的组织对这些病原体，及病原体产生毒素的反应。感染性疾病(infectious disease，也称为transmissible disease，或者communicable disease），是由感染而引起的疾病。 感染可由多种病原体引起，最主要的是病原细菌和病毒，但也有不常见的类型。宿主可透过本身的免疫系统来抵抗感染。哺乳动物宿主运用先天免疫系统对感染做出反应，通常会有发炎情况，而后会产生后天免疫能力。 用于治疗感染的药物包括抗生素、抗病毒药物、抗真菌药、抗原虫剂、和驱虫药。感染性疾病在2013年导致全球920万人死亡（约占所有死亡人数的17％）。专注于感染的医学分支被称为传染病学。 引起感染的病原体有： 病原细菌（结核杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、肉毒杆菌、沙门氏菌属等） 病毒，和相关病原体，如类病毒（人类免疫缺乏病毒、鼻病毒、丽沙病毒属如狂犬病病毒、伊波拉病毒属、和严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒） 真菌，进一步细分为： 子囊菌门，包括酵母（例如念珠菌属），丝状真菌（例如麹菌属、肺孢子菌纲）和皮癣菌病（一组导致人类皮肤和其他表面组织感染的生物）。 担子菌门，包括导致人类感染的隐球菌属。 朊毒体（本身并不释放毒素） 亚临床感染vs临床感染（潜伏vs明显） 感染有症状时，称为“明显”的“临床”症状，而感染活跃，但不产生明显症状时，可称为“不明显感染”（英文表达字眼有 inapparent、silent、subclinical、或occult）。非活跃或蛰伏的感染称为“潜伏感染”。潜伏性细菌感染的一个例子是潜伏性肺结核。 对于感染，又有不同的名词。首先是急性感染。急性感染是指一种迅速发展的症状，过程或者是迅速的，或者会拖得久。接下来是慢性感染。慢性感染是指症状要花几周，或几个月，逐渐发展，并且不易治疗。亚急性感染与急性感染相比，发展时间较长，但又比慢性感染发展的快。潜伏性感染可能会在急性发作后存在（病原体存在，但没症；隔一段时间，疾病又重新出现)。局灶性感染的定义是病原体从感染的初始部位开始，经由血液流传到身体的其他部位，而发病 。 感染性疾病通常是通过人与人直接接触或飞沫散布而传播。而间接接触，例如透过空气、受污染的物体、食物和饮用水等、人和动物接触、由动物宿主、昆虫叮咬、和自然宿主等，是疾病传播的另类方式。 感染可根据感染部位或是器官系统来做分类：泌尿道感染; 皮肤感染; 呼吸道感染; 齿源性感染; 阴道感染; 绒毛膜羊膜炎（绒毛膜羊膜感染） 另外，人体很通常发炎的部位有肺部的肺炎、脑部的脑膜炎、和输卵管的输卵管炎。 Infection refers to the disease pathogens that invade the tissues of organisms and begin to reproduce, as well as the response of the host tissues to these pathogens and the production of toxins by the pathogens. Infectious disease (also called transmissible disease, or communicable disease) is a disease caused by infection. Infections can be caused by a variety of pathogens, most notably pathogenic bacteria and viruses, but there are also less common types. The host can fight the infection through its own immune system. The mammalian host responds to infection using the innate immune system, often with inflammation, followed by the development of acquired immunity. Medications used to treat infections include antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, antiprotozoals, and anthelmintics. Infectious diseases killed 9.2 million people worldwide in 2013 (approximately 17% of all deaths). The branch of medicine that focuses on infections is called infectious diseases. Pathogens that cause infection include: Pathogenic bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Clostridium botulinum, Salmonella, etc.) Viruses, and related pathogens such as viroids (human immunodeficiency virus, rhinovirus, lyssaviruses such as lyssavirus, Ebolavirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus) Fungi, further subdivided into: Ascomycota, which includes yeasts (e.g., Candida spp.), filamentous fungi (e.g., Pneumocystis spp., Pneumocystis spp.), and dermatophytosis (a group of organisms that cause infections of the skin and other surface tissues in humans). Basidiomycota, including the genus Cryptococcus that causes infections in humans. Prions (do not release toxins themselves) Subclinical infection vs clinical infection (latent vs obvious) When the infection is symptomatic, it is called "obvious" "clinical" symptoms, and when the infection is active but does not produce obvious symptoms, it can be called "inapparent infection" (expressions include inapparent, silent, subclinical, or occult). Infections that are inactive or dormant are called "latent infections." An example of a latent bacterial infection is latent tuberculosis. There are different terms for infection. The first is acute infection. An acute infection is a rapidly developing symptom that can be either rapid or prolonged. Next comes chronic infection. A chronic infection is one in which symptoms develop gradually over weeks, or months, and are not easily treated. Subacute infections take longer to develop than acute infections, but they develop faster than chronic infections. Latent infection may exist after an acute episode (the pathogen is present but no symptoms occur; the disease reappears after a period of time). The definition of focal infection is that the pathogen starts from the initial site of infection and spreads to other parts of the body through the blood, causing the disease. Infectious diseases are usually spread through direct person-to-person contact or droplet spread. Indirect contact, such as through the air, contaminated objects, food and drinking water, contact between humans and animals, animal hosts, insect bites, and natural hosts, are alternative ways of disease transmission. Infections can be classified according to the site or organ system affected: urinary tract infection; skin infection; respiratory tract infection; odontogenic infection; vaginal infection; chorioamnionitis (infection of the chorioamnion membrane) In addition, common parts of the human body that are inflamed include pneumonia in the lungs, meningitis in the brain, and salpingitis in the fallopian tubes.    / @herbsdr   https://herbsdr.business.site/ https://g.page/herbsdr