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The Arabic Alphabet — Sounds, System, Sources

Some Arabic consonants differ quite markedly from the ones we encounter in, say, English. Understanding their places in the phonetic system can help with pronunciation and how individual consonants relate to the rest of the grid. The video then proceeds to the alphabetical order, the letter shapes and how they connect to each other. Finally, we will have a brief look at the alphabet's evolution and the optional vowel diacritics. The consonants are at the heart of Arabic (and indeed any other Semitic language) and should primarily be understood in their own right. Timestamps: 00:00 Sounds 02:46 Order 04:49 Shapes and Dots 05:50 Evolution 07:47 Vowels 09:03 Diacritics Bibliography: Aldrich, Matthew: Modern Standard Arabic Verbs — Conjugation Tables Ambros, Arne A.: A Concise Dictionary of Koranic Arabic Ambros, Arne A.: The Nouns of Koranic Arabic — Arranged by Topics Bennett, Patrick R.: Comparative Semitic Linguistics — A Manual Blair, Sheila S.: Islamic Calligraphy Brockelmann, Carl: Arabische Grammatik Brockelmann, Carl: Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen Calderhead, Christopher & Cohen, Holly: Te World Encyclopedia of Calligraphy Campbell, George L. & Moseley, Christopher: The Routledge Handbook of Scripts & Alphabets Coulmas, Florian: The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems Coulmas, Florian: Writing Systems — An introduction to their linguistic analysis Daniels, Peter & Bright, William (ed.): The World's Writing Systems Diringer, David: The Alphabet — A Key to the History of Mankind Drißner, Gerald: Arabic for Nerds Edzard, Lutz (ed.): Semitic and Afroasiatic: Challenges and Opportunities Faulmann, Carl: Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und Völker Friedrich, Johannes: Geschichte der Schrift Gaur, Albertine: A History of Calligraphy Gruendler, Beatrice: The Development of the Arabic Scripts Halbout, Dominique & Schmidt, Jean-Jacques: L'Arabe Sans Peine (Assimil) Hooker, J. T. (ed.): Reading the Past — Ancient Writing from Cuneiform to the Alphabet Jensen, Hans: Die Schrift in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart Mahfouz, Tarek: Arabic Calligraphy — Nasta'līq script Mitchell, T.F.: Writing Arabic — A Practical Introduction to Ruq'ah Script Nakanishi, Akira: Writing Systems of the World Ott, Claudia (ed.): Erste arabische Lesestücke Rogers, Henry: Writing Systems — A Linguistic Approach Sampson, Geoffrey: Writing Systems Sirhan, Nadia R.: Mastering Quranic Arabic Vocabulary Smart, Jack & Altorfer, Frances: Complete Arabic (Teach Yourself) Stempel, Reinhard: Abriß einer historischen Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen Watson, Janet C. E.: The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic Wehr, Hans: Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart