Kidney Stones (Renal Lithiasis or Nephrolithiasis) | Signs & Symptoms | Causes | Treatment скачать в хорошем качестве

Kidney Stones (Renal Lithiasis or Nephrolithiasis) | Signs & Symptoms | Causes | Treatment

Kidney Stones (Renal Lithiasis or Nephrolithiasis) | Signs & Symptoms | Causes | Risk Factors | Types of Stones | Treatment Kidney stones (renal lithiasis, Nephrolithiasis) are small, hard mineral deposits that form inside your kidneys. The stones are made of mineral and acid salts. Kidney stones have many causes and can affect any part of your urinary tract — from your kidneys to your bladder. Often, stones form when the urine becomes concentrated, allowing minerals to crystallize and stick together. Passing Kidney stones can be quite painful, but the stones usually cause no permanent damage. Depending on your situation, you may need nothing more than to take pain medication and drink lots of water to pass a kidney stone. In other instances — for example, if stones become lodged in the urinary tract or cause complications — surgery may be needed. SYMPTOMS A kidney stone may not cause symptoms until it moves around within your kidney or passes into your ureter — the tube connecting the kidney and bladder. At that point, you may experience these signs and symptoms: Severe pain in the side and back, below the ribs Pain that spreads to the lower abdomen and groin Pain that comes in waves and Fluctuates in intensity Pain on urination Pink, red or brown urine Cloudy or foul-smelling urine Nausea and vomiting Persistent need to urinate Urinating more often than usual Fever and chills if an infection is present Urinating small amounts of urine Pain caused by a kidney stone may change — for instance, shifting to a different location or increasing in intensity — as the stone moves through your urinary tract. CAUSES Kidney stones often have no definite, single cause, although several factors may increase your risk. Types of Kidney stones Knowing the type of kidney stone helps determine the cause and may give clues on how to reduce your risk of getting more Kidney stones. Types of Kidney stones include: Calcium stones. Most Kidney stones are calcium stones, usually in the form of calcium oxalate. Oxalate is a naturally occurring substance found in food. Some fruits and vegetables, as well as nuts and chocolate, have high oxalate levels. Your liver also produces oxalate. Dietary factors, high doses of vitamin D, intestinal bypass surgery and several metabolic disorders can increase the concentration of calcium or oxalate in urine. Calcium stones may also occur in the form of calcium phosphate. Struvite stones. Struvite stones form in response to an infection, such as a Urinary tract infection. These stones can grow quickly and become quite large, sometimes with few symptoms or little warning. Uric acid stones. Uric acid stones can form in people who don't drink enough Fluids or who lose too much Fluid, those who eat a high-protein diet, and those who have Gout. Certain genetic factors also may increase your risk of uric acid stones. Cystine stones. These stones form in people with a hereditary disorder that causes the kidneys to excrete too much of certain amino acids (cystinuria). Other stones. Other, rarer types of Kidney stones also can occur. RISK FACTORS Factors that increase your risk of developing Kidney stones include: Family or personal history. If someone in your family has Kidney stones, you're more likely to develop stones, too. And if you've already had one or more Kidney stones, you're at increased risk of developing another. Dehydration. Not drinking enough water each day can increase your risk of Kidney stones. People who live in warm climates and those who sweat a lot may be at higher risk than others. Certain diets. Eating a diet that's high in protein, sodium and sugar may increase your risk of some types of Kidney stones. This is especially true with a high-sodium diet. Too much sodium in your diet increases the amount of calcium your kidneys must filter and significantly increases your risk of Kidney stones. Being obese. High body mass index (BMI), large waist size and weight gain have been linked to an increased risk of Kidney stones. Digestive diseases and surgery. Gastric bypass surgery, inflammatory bowel disease or chronic Diarrhea can cause changes in the digestive process that affect your absorption of calcium and water, increasing the levels of stone-forming substances in your urine. TREATMENTS AND DRUGS Treatment for Kidney stones varies, depending on the type of stone and the cause. Small stones with minimal symptoms Most Kidney stones won't require invasive treatment. You may be able to pass a small stone by: Drinking water.  Pain relievers.  Medical therapy.  Large stones and those that cause symptoms Using sound waves to break up stones.  Surgery to remove very large stones in the kidney.  Using a scope to remove stones.  Parathyroid gland surgery.