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Carotid Artery Stenosis

Carotid artery stenosis refers to the narrowing or constriction of the carotid arteries, which are the major blood vessels located on each side of the neck that supply blood to the brain, head, and neck. This narrowing is often caused by the buildup of plaque, a combination of cholesterol, calcium, and other substances, on the inner walls of the arteries. Carotid artery stenosis increases the risk of stroke, as it can lead to reduced blood flow to the brain or the formation of blood clots that can travel to the brain and cause an ischemic stroke. Vascular surgeons play a critical role in managing carotid artery stenosis and reducing the risk of stroke. Here's how they help: 1. Diagnostic Evaluation: Vascular surgeons use various imaging techniques such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), or computed tomography angiography (CTA) to assess the degree of carotid artery stenosis and determine the best course of treatment. 2. Medication Management: Vascular surgeons may prescribe medications to manage risk factors associated with carotid artery stenosis, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Medications may include antiplatelet agents, statins, and blood pressure-lowering drugs to help prevent the progression of plaque buildup and reduce the risk of stroke. 3. Carotid Endarterectomy (CEA): This surgical procedure involves removing the plaque buildup from the inner lining of the carotid artery to restore blood flow to the brain. Vascular surgeons carefully open the affected artery, remove the plaque, and then close the artery to prevent further narrowing or blockage. Carotid endarterectomy is typically recommended for patients with significant carotid artery stenosis who are at high risk of stroke. 4. Carotid Artery Stenting (CAS): In some cases, vascular surgeons may perform carotid artery stenting, a minimally invasive procedure to treat carotid artery stenosis. During CAS, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is inserted into the narrowed artery, and a stent—a small mesh tube—is placed to expand the artery and improve blood flow. This procedure is often recommended for patients who are not candidates for carotid endarterectomy or who prefer a less invasive approach. By providing comprehensive evaluation and treatment options for carotid artery stenosis, vascular surgeons aim to reduce the risk of stroke and improve overall patient outcomes. Treatment decisions are tailored to each patient's individual needs, considering factors such as the severity of stenosis, presence of symptoms, overall health, and personal preferences. Early intervention and ongoing management by vascular surgeons play a crucial role in preserving brain health and reducing the risk of stroke associated with carotid artery stenosis.