Virus DNA in human genome (evolution by infection) скачать в хорошем качестве

Virus DNA in human genome (evolution by infection)

If it wasn't for virus DNA in human genome, humans would NOT exist. The evolution of the mammalian placenta has happened because of endogenous retroviruses. The viruses in human genome have come from infections millions of years ago that have stayed around in our DNA. The human endogenous retroviruses are on longer functional viruses capable of infecting. Instead, what's left in the human genome are parts of these viruses, specific important genes. These are the critical genes for placental evolution. Placental mammals have adopted these genes in a wonderful way, and turned a tool used by viruses to infect cells into a tool for creating the placenta. The evolution of the mammalian placenta is not a rare, one time event. Instead, the evolution of the mammalian placenta has occurred over and over. What's even more astounding is that the placenta has evolved in non-mammalian species as well. We humans need retrovirus genes for our development. We descend from viruses. Subscribe: https://tinyurl.com/ycpqj5x4 Twitter:   / everycellauni   Resources The original article finding the viral origins of human syncytins https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1... A review article on the placentation and captured env-genes https://doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.20... OPEN - Another thorough review of placentation and retroviruses https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... OPEN – A concise review of retroviruses and the evolution of the placenta https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109... OPEN - A general review of retroviruses https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NB... A general review on endogenous retroviruses, retroviruses that are part of our genome https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1... OPEN - Description of the membrane protein recognized by env https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/105... Description of the workings of the placenta https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1... An article describing a hyena env-gene. Also fresh source for the timeline of syncytin captures. Here Heidmann and colleagues also talk about their model for placental formation. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3... OPEN - Finding of Syncytin-Car1, a syncytin functional in the whole Carnivora order https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/109... OPEN – Blocking mice syncytin disrupts the formation of their placenta https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1... OPEN - Description of the envV syncytin. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2... OPEN – The Mabuya syncytin https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... -- Credits Graph of the family tree of mammals and times of Syncytin domestication based on a graph from this hyena env article: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3... 3D-model of Syncytin 2 adopted from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1... Cell video - Toshiyuki Hatano, Greenfield Sluder (2011) CIL:34849, Homo sapiens, retinal pigment epithelium. CIL. Dataset. https://doi.org/doi:10.7295/W9CIL34849 Chromosomes adopted from an image by National Human Genome Research Institute HIV- virion - CDC/ Maureen Metcalfe, Tom Hodge HIV close up image - CDC/ A. Harrison; Dr. P. Feorino HIV -budding-out - CDC Tab V, fetus with umbilical cord and placenta - Wellcome Collection. Creative Commons Attribution [CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)] https://wellcomecollection.org/works/... human embryo - Ed Uthman - [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/... )] https://www.flickr.com/photos/euthman... Staphylococcus - NIAID - Attribution 2.0 Generic [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi... Eosinophils in Peripheral Blood Smear - Ed Uthman - Attribution 2.0 Generic [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)] https://www.flickr.com/photos/euthman... Lizards: Mabuya - Izalete Tavares - Attribution 2.0 Generic [CC BY 2.0(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)] https://flic.kr/p/pjjBQU Long-tailed_Skink_(Mabuya_longicaudata)_長尾南蜥2 - Thomas Brown [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)] Mabuya mabouya - Mark Stevens - Attribution 2.0 Generic [CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)] https://www.flickr.com/photos/4667953... Bronze_Grass_Skink_(Mabuya_macularia)_W_IMG_2753 - J.M.Garg - J.M.Garg [CC BY 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi... File:Bronze Grass Skink (Mabuya macularia) W IMG 9977 - J.M.Garg - J.M.Garg [CC BY 3.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)] https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedi...