Johannes Itten 約翰·伊頓 (1888 - 1967) Expressionism Abstract Art Swiss скачать в хорошем качестве

Johannes Itten 約翰·伊頓 (1888 - 1967) Expressionism Abstract Art Swiss

[email protected] Johannes Itten was a Swiss expressionist painter, designer, teacher, writer and theorist associated with the Bauhaus (Staatliche Bauhaus) school. Together with German-American painter Lyonel Feininger and German sculptor Gerhard Marcks, under the direction of German architect Walter Gropius, Itten was part of the core of the Weimar Bauhaus. He was heavily influenced by Adolf Hölzel and Franz Cižek, in Vienna using the work and textbook of Eugène Gilliard, an abstract painter, as a base. From Hölzel, Itten adopted a series of basic shapes (the line, the plane, the circle, the spiral) as a means from which to begin creation, and the use of gymnastic exercises to relax his students and prepare them for the experiences that were to occur in the class. From 1919 to 1922, Itten taught at the Bauhaus, developing the innovative "preliminary course" which was to teach students the basics of material characteristics, composition, and color. In 1920 Itten invited Paul Klee and Georg Muche to join him at the Bauhaus. He also published a book, The Art of Color, which describes these ideas as a furthering of Adolf Hölzel's color wheel. Itten's so called "color sphere" went on to include 12 colors. In 1924, Itten established the “Ontos Weaving Workshops” near Zurich, with the help of Bauhaus weaver Gunta Stölzl. Itten was a follower of Mazdaznan, a fire cult originating in the United States that was largely derived from Zoroastrianism. Itten's mysticism and the reverence in which he was held by a group of the students some of who converted to Mazdaznan (e.g. Georg Muche) created conflict with Walter Gropius who wanted to move the school in a direction that embraced mass production rather than solely individual artistic expression. The rift led to Itten's resignation from the Bauhaus and his prompt replacement by Laszlo Moholy-Nagy in 1923. From 1926 to 1934 he had a small art and architecture school in Berlin, in which Ernst Neufert, the former chief-architect of Walter Gropius at the Bauhaus, taught as well from 1932 to 1934. Itten's works exploring the use and composition of color resemble the square op art canvases of artists such as Josef Albers, Max Bill and Bridget Riley, and the expressionist works of Wassily Kandinsky. Itten's work on color is also said to be an inspiration for seasonal color analysis. Itten had been the first to associate color palettes with four types of people, and had designated those types with the names of seasons. Shortly after his death, his designations gained popularity in the cosmetics industry with the publication of Color Me A Season. Cosmetologists today continue to use seasonal color analysis, a tribute to the early work by Itten. 約翰·伊頓是一家瑞士表現主義畫家，設計師，教師，與包豪斯（Staatliche包豪斯）學校相關的作家和理論家。加上德美畫家利奧尼·費寧格和德國雕塑家格哈德·馬克斯，德國建築師格羅皮烏斯的指導下，伊頓是魏瑪包豪斯的核心的一部分。 他被阿道夫·霍爾策爾和弗蘭茨·西澤克使用歐仁Gilliard，抽象畫家的作品和教材嚴重影響，在維也納的魅力。從Hölzel，伊頓採取了一系列基本形狀（線，平面，圓，螺旋）為從開始創作的手段，並利用體操練習放鬆自己的學生和那名經驗做好準備發生在課堂上。 從1919年到1922年，伊頓任教於包豪斯，發展創新“的初步過程。”這是教給學生的材料特性，成分和顏色的基礎知識。 1920年伊頓邀請保羅·克利和格奧爾格·馬赫和他一起在包豪斯。他還出版了一本書，色彩的藝術，它描述了這些想法，阿道夫·霍爾策爾的色輪的深化。伊頓的所謂的“顏色球”接著就包括12種顏色。 1924年，伊頓成立了“Ontos織造車間”蘇黎世附近，與包豪斯韋弗岡塔·斯托爾茨的幫助。 伊頓是Mazdaznan，火崇拜源於這主要是從拜火教衍生美國的追隨者。伊頓的神秘主義和在他被關押的一組一些誰轉化為Mazdaznan（如格奧爾格·馬赫）創造了格羅皮烏斯衝突的學生誰想要移動的學校在接受大量生產，而不是僅僅個人的藝術方向的崇敬表達。導致從包豪斯伊頓的辭職和他的提示更換由拉斯洛·莫霍利·納吉於1923年。從1926年到1934年的裂痕，他曾在柏林的一個小藝術和建築學校，其中埃恩斯特·內弗特，格羅皮烏斯的前首席建築師包豪斯任教，以及1932年至1934年。 伊頓的作品探索色彩的運用和組成類似的藝術家，如約瑟夫·阿爾伯斯，馬克斯·比爾和布里奇特·萊利的平方歐普藝術畫布和康定斯基的作品表現。 伊頓的色彩工作也說是四季色彩分析的靈感。伊頓曾是第一個調色板4種類型的人交往，並已指定這些類型隨著季節的名稱。他去世後不久，他的名稱獲得了化妝品行業的普及與顏色我的出版季節。今天美容師繼續使用季節性色彩分析，要歸功於由伊頓前期工作。