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This video is tailored to assist the teaching of GCSE Sociology specifications (both AQA and Eduqas) in the UK. FURTHER READING: Robert King Merton is best known for his development of Strain Theory, as explained in this video, which refers to the strain people feel to become materially successful and consequently leads them to partake in deviant behaviour to achieve this success. Similar to Émile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons, Merton was concerned with how well cultural and social structures were integrated into society. He applied Durkheim’s term 'anomie' to describe the contention between material and cultural goals people have and the means available for people to reach them. In 1942 Merton introduced ‘Mertonian norms’ which were essential for the ethos of modern science: 1. Communism – scientists shouldn’t claim their intellectual property. Instead, there should be common ownership. 2. Universalism - all scientists' claims should not be influenced by personal feelings, scientists shouldn’t be restricted unless they’re incompetent. 3. Disinterestedness - scientists should be selfless and conduct research for the benefit of a common scientific goal, not simply for personal gain. 4. Organised scepticism – critical scrutiny is important for scientific research. Merton used the term ‘Matthew effect’ to describe the inequality scientists faced when it came to the recognition of their work. The Matthew effect is the idea that the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. The term derives from parables within the Gospel of Matthew in the Bible. Merton however, used the term to describe how famous researchers will often get more credit than unknown researchers, even if their work is similar. Merton and has written a variety of publications including: "Social Structure and Anomie" in American Sociological Review 3 (1938) The Normative Structure of Science (1942) Social Theory and Social Structure (1949) On the Shoulders of Giants: A Shandean Postscript (1965) The Sociology of Science (1973) Sociological Ambivalence (1976) The Sociology of Science: An Episodic Memoir (1979) The Travels and Adventures of Serendipity: A Study in Sociological Semantics and the Sociology of Science (2004) Merton became the leader of structural-functional analysis in sociology and he essentially created the modern sociology of science. He is known as one of the founding fathers of modern-day sociology. He passed away in 2003, at the age of 92, just before the publication of his final book. Since 2013 he has been remembered annually at the International Network of Analytical Sociology who award writers of the best analytical paper in Sociology with the ‘Robert K Merton Award’. If you require further support revising for your Sociology GCSE or A Level please contact one of our approved tutors at https://booksmarttutors.co.uk/