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Carbachol

*Carbachol Pharmacology Overview:* *Action:* *Cholinergic Agonist:* Mimics the effects of acetylcholine. *Muscarinic and Nicotinic Effects:* Activates both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. *Smooth Muscle Stimulation:* Particularly affects smooth muscle, leading to contraction. *Mechanism of Action:* *Direct Agonist:* Binds and activates muscarinic receptors directly. *Increased Acetylcholine Activity:* Enhances cholinergic neurotransmission. *Stimulates G-protein Coupled Receptors:* Activates G-protein coupled receptors, leading to various cellular responses. *Clinical Uses:* *Ophthalmology:* Used in eye surgery to induce miosis. *Glaucoma Treatment:* Facilitates aqueous humor outflow, reducing intraocular pressure. *Bladder Dysfunction:* Applied in the treatment of urinary retention. *Adverse Effects:* *Systemic Effects:* Excessive stimulation of muscarinic receptors can lead to systemic side effects. *Cardiovascular Effects:* Potential for bradycardia and hypotension. *Gastrointestinal Distress:* Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in some cases. #CholinergicAgonist #CarbacholMechanismofAction #OphthalmicSurgery #GlaucomaTreatment #UrinaryRetention #MuscarinicReceptors #AdverseEffectsofCarbachol #PharmacologicalAction #SmoothMuscleContraction #CholinergicNeurotransmission