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From Kongo to Zion

From Kongo to Zion (Heartbeat Records 17, 1983) "Reggae can now be considered a truly international music. Artists such as Gregory Isaacs, Burning Spear, Black Uhuru, and Bob Marley have spread reggae's message and sound from Zimbabwe to Japan, from Holland to Australia. It is well known that this music emerged from the black experience in the shanty towns of West Kingston, Jamaica. Less well known - in spite of widespread acknowledgement of reggae's "African roots" - are it's actual sources in the religious and folk traditions of Africans and their descendants in Jamaica. From Kongo to Zion brings together in one specially-designed LP three black musical traditions from Jamaica. Recorded on location, the Kumina, Revival, and Rastafari selections presented here provide an important part of the musical terrain upon which reggae has grown. Kumina is a Kongo-based religion centering on ancestor reverence. Through drumming and dance, spirits are invoked to come and take possession of participants, and the African presence is thus renewed. Many of the African-derived ritual elements of Kumina practice, such as drumming and spirit possession, appear also in the Revival cults found throughout the island, although many of these have been reinterpreted in Christian terms. Rastafari, the third tradition represented on this LP, is a black religion and movement of social protest best known for its association with reggae music. Unlike Kumina and Revival, Rastafari includes a dance-drumming form devoid of spirit possession and/or ancestor reverence. Within the ritual context of the Holy Nyabingi, Rastafari worshippers use dance, drum, song, and the holy herbs (ganja) to "beat down Babylon" (the forces of evil) in the fight for African liberation. The rhythms of Nyabingi have played a fundamental role in the development of contemporary Jamaican popular music, and continue today to provide the driving "heart beat" behind reggae. Kumina, Revival, and Rastafari, although distinct traditions, are closely linked, both historically, and culturally. By juxtaposing musical examples from all three traditions on one disc, and providing explanatory line notes (enclosed), From Kongo to Zion aims to enhance the listener's appreciation of the continuity of African tradition in Jamaican popular music."