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The opening panel at the Fourth Annual Gulf International Conference, "The Gulf in Transition: New Factions, Shifting Foundations, and an Uncertain Future." Featured speakers: Tim Constantine (moderator), Elana Delozier, Dr. Hesham Alghannam, Dr. Kristian Ulrichsen, and Ambassador Geral Feierstein. Synopsis: Forty years after the inauguration of the Gulf Cooperation Council in Abu Dhabi, the governments of the Gulf region face a changed geopolitical environment replete with new and potentially threatening challenges. Throughout the past four decades, the security ties formed under the GCC, albeit limited, allowed the six member-states to survive the Iran-Iraq war, the invasion of Kuwait, the American invasion of Iraq, and the Arab Spring. Forty years after its establishment, the GCC has failed to merge the monetary policy of the Gulf states or create an EU-style single market, but it has succeeded in strengthening societal ties and increased intra-GCC trade. In the last four decades, the six member-states achieved a more prominent role in the region and a stronger partnership with the United States, but differing national priorities and initiatives have also created internecine conflict over political and economic influence across the broader Middle East. All of these events left the GCC stronger if bruised. While Iran, Iraq, and the United States have always played a major role in affecting GCC’s internal unity since its creation, the growing influence of Moscow and Beijing in the region presents new variables for the GCC to consider. More importantly, the Gulf states must continue to try to discern US commitments to the region in light of Washington’s proclaimed intent to “pivot to Asia” to confront a more powerful and assertive China. Gulf governments fear that the US may no longer perceive the region’s hydrocarbon resources to be a vital interest, as it grows increasingly self-sufficient and the world looks to shift away from hydrocarbons toward more sustainable energy sources. Did the 2017 Gulf crisis cripple the efficacy of the GCC as a cohesive regional organization? How can the GCC create and sustain a mechanism to resolve internal conflicts? What are the issues which unite or divide the six member-states? Does the new generation of leaders believe in the need for regional collective action, as the GCC’s founders did? https://gulfif.org/​ Twitter: @GulfIntlForum LinkedIn: @GulfIntlForum