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#hppatwari #hprcahamirpur #hprca #hppsc #joait #computerbasics This summary provides a structured overview of your notes on computer fundamentals, specifically focusing on non-impact printers, CPU architecture, and the hierarchy of memory systems. 1. Non-Impact Printers Non-impact printers are categorized by their specific ink technologies and performance metrics. Their speed is universally measured in PPM (Pages Per Minute). Laser Printer: Uses dry ink and a toner. It features a fuser assembly and uses a conditioning stage where a uniform negative charge is placed on a photosensitive drum. Inkjet Printer: Operates by using ink droplets to create images. Thermal Printer: Utilizes special Bisphenol paper and usually produces black or grey output. Technical Specifications Duplexing: The ability for dual-side paper printing. DPI (Dots Per Inch): A measure of print resolution/quality. PPM (Speed): Measured in Pages Per Minute. 2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is known as the "Brain of the Computer". It is mathematically represented by the components: . ALU (Arithmetic & Logical Unit): Responsible for arithmetic operations and logical comparisons. CU (Control Unit): Often called the "Nervous System" of the computer. It manages timing and control signals. It directs the flow of data and controls hardware via timing signals. 3. Memory Hierarchy Computer memory is organized in a hierarchy based on speed, cost, and storage capacity. Registers: The fastest memory; uses an "Accumulator" for calculations and is built using Flip-flops. Cache: Includes types L1, L2, and L3. It operates on the principle of "Reference of Locality" and utilizes SRAM. RAM / ROM: Primary memory where RAM is volatile and temporary, storing all currently used applications. Secondary Storage: Includes high-capacity solutions like HDD (Hard Disk Drive) and SSD (Solid State Drive). Tertiary Storage: Bulk storage solutions such as Optical and Magnetic Tape. 4. RAM and ROM Characteristics RAM (Random Access Memory) Volatile/Temporary: Stores all currently used applications and data. SRAM (Static RAM): Uses a stable switch and only requires energy until the system is shut down. It typically uses SIMM (Single Inline Memory Module) with single-side coating. DRAM (Dynamic RAM): Requires a continuous flow of charge to maintain data. It uses DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Module) with double-side coating. DDRAM/SDRAM: SDRAM stands for Synchronous Dynamic RAM and is noted for being faster. ROM (Read Only Memory) ROM is non-volatile and is primarily used to store firmware, such as the starting address of the Operating System. PROM (Programmable ROM): A "Write once, Read many" memory; it is also known as one-time programmable (OTP) ROM. EPROM (Erasable Programmable ROM): Invented in 1971 by Dov Frohman at Intel. It uses UV Rays to delete data and consists of Floating gate(s) Transistors. EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM): Invented in 1978 by George Perlegos at Intel. It allows a single data type to be erased and reprogrammed electrically, with operations performed byte by byte. Like Share Subscribe for latest updates 📌