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Parathyroid glands are two pairssuperior and inferiorsmall endocrine glands, that usually lie on the posterior border of the thyroid gland, within the false capsule.The superior parathryroids are also referred to as parathyroid lV because they develop from the endoderm of the fourth pharyngeal pouch. The inferior parathyroids, similarly, are also called parathyroid III because they develop from the third pouch.The parathyroids secrete the hormone parathormone which controls the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus along with thyrocalcitonin. Each parathyroid gland is oval or lentiform in shape,measuring 6 x 4 x 2 mm (the size of a split pea). Each gland weighs about 50 mg. Position The anastomosis between the superior and inferior thyroid arteries is usually a good guide to the glands because they usually lie close to it. The superior parathyroid is more constant in position and usually lies at the middle of the posterior border of the lobe of the thyroid gland. It is usually dorsal to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. The inferior parathyroid is more variable in position.It may lie: a. Within the thyroid capsule, below the inferior thyroid artery and near the lower pole of the thyroid lobe.b. Behind and outside the thyroid capsule, immediately above the inferior thyroid artery. c. Within the substance of the lobe near its posterior border. It is usually ventral to the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Vascular Supply The parathyroid glands receive a rich blood supply from the inferior thyroid artery and from the anastomosis between the superior and inferior thyroid arteries. The veins and lymphatics of the gland are associated with those of the thyroid and the thymus Nerve Supply Vasomotor nerves are derived from the middle and superior cervical ganglia. Parathyroid activity is controlled by blood calcium levels; low levels stimulate and high levels inhibit the activity of the glands. CLINICAL ANATOMY Tumours of the parathyroid glands lead to excessive secretion of parathormone (hyperparathyroidism).This leads to increased removal of calcium from bone making them weak and liable to fracture. Calcium levels in blood increase (hypercalcaemia) and increased urinary excretion of calcium can lead to the formation of stones in the urinary tract. Hypoparathyroidism may occur spontaneously or from accidental removal of the glands during thyroidectomy. This results in hypocalcaemia leading to increased neuromuscular irritability causing muscular spasm and convulsions (tetany) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- My website - https://human-anatomy-lessons.busines... My Blog - https://human-anatomylessons.blogspot... ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Follow me in blogspot - https://human-anatomylessons.blogspot... _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Visit my blogs - https://humananatomyonline.in/ Contact me @ https://t.me/humananatomylessons