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Data Fabrication and Falsification

Research fraud refers to cases where data were either fabricated or falsified to provide false support for the researcher's hypothesis. Fabrication means the data were never collected, but were made up. Falsification means existing data were illegitimately altered including manipulating research materials, images, data, equipment, or processes. Falsification also includes changing or omitting data or results in such a way that the research is not accurately represented. For example, a person might falsify data to make it fit with the desired end result of a study.