The Armenian Genocide: Why It Becomes an Unspeakable Sorrow 亚美尼亚大屠杀为何成为不可言说之痛 скачать в хорошем качестве

The Armenian Genocide: Why It Becomes an Unspeakable Sorrow 亚美尼亚大屠杀为何成为不可言说之痛

This article delves into the tragic fate of Armenians within the Ottoman Empire from the late 19th to the early 20th century and the complex reasons behind it. As nationalism rose in 19th-century Europe and the Ottoman Empire declined, the relationship between the Ottoman Empire and its Armenian subjects fundamentally changed. Particularly after the Russo-Turkish War in 1878, the Ottoman Empire was forced to sign the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin, losing significant territory in the Balkans and triggering concerns over the integrity of its territory. With the rise of the Young Turks in the early 20th century, who promised reform and equality but were in reality fervent nationalists intent on establishing a "pure" Turkish state, a systematic campaign of oppression against Armenians unfolded. This campaign included expulsion, property confiscation, and massacres, culminating during World War I when the empire joined the Central Powers. This period marked the peak of Armenian persecution, with the Ottoman government forcing Armenians to relocate to deserts and other uninhabited areas under the guise of "resettlement," leading to massive deaths due to lack of food, water, and shelter. Along their journey and in remote areas, Armenians were subjected to systematic massacres by shooting, stabbing, starvation, disease, and burning, as well as crimes of forced labor, sexual violence, and enslavement, aiming for the complete eradication of the Armenian people. The article points out that the root cause of this tragedy lies in the Ottoman Empire's fear of nationalism and concern for territorial integrity, as well as the Young Turks' desire to establish a unified national state by eliminating those considered alien. However, this strategy of addressing issues through violence and ethnic cleansing not only failed to solve the underlying problems but also aggravated ethnic conflicts, leading to a massive humanitarian disaster and leaving deep historical scars. Although some of the main planners were arrested by the Allies after the war in an attempt to bring them to justice, most escaped punishment due to interventions by the newly established Republic of Turkey and international political considerations, with some fleeing abroad and ending their lives without trial. This chapter of history seems to have been forgotten, just as Hitler remarked in 1939, "Who, after all, speaks today of the annihilation of the Armenians?" 本文深入探讨了19世纪末至20世纪初期间，亚美尼亚人在奥斯曼帝国境内遭受的悲惨命运及其背后的复杂原因。随着19世纪欧洲民族主义的兴起和奥斯曼帝国的衰落，奥斯曼帝国与亚美尼亚人之间的关系发生了根本性变化。特别是在1878年俄土战争后，奥斯曼帝国被迫签署了圣斯特凡诺条约和柏林条约，失去了巴尔干半岛上的大片领土，多个地区获得了自治或独立地位，引发了对帝国领土完整的担忧。 进入20世纪，年轻的土耳其人上台后，虽然承诺改革和平等，但实际上他们是狂热的民族主义者，意图建立一个“纯净”的土耳其国家。他们通过对亚美尼亚人实施驱逐、没收财产、大规模屠杀等一系列严厉政策，逐步展开了有组织的灭绝行动。特别是在第一次世界大战爆发后，奥斯曼帝国加入中央国集团，这一时期成为亚美尼亚人遭受迫害的高峰期。以“安置”为名，奥斯曼政府强迫亚美尼亚人前往沙漠等无人居住地区，缺乏食物、水源和庇护所，导致大量死亡。沿途和偏远地区发生了有计划的屠杀，使用了枪击、刺杀、饿死、疾病和焚烧等残忍手段，还包括强迫劳动、性暴力和奴役等罪行，目的是彻底消灭亚美尼亚人。 文章指出，这场悲剧的根本原因在于奥斯曼帝国对民族主义的恐惧和对领土完整的担忧，以及年轻土耳其人试图通过排除异己来建立一个统一民族国家的愿望。然而，这种通过暴力和种族清洗手段解决问题的策略，不仅未能解决根本问题，反而加剧了种族冲突，导致了巨大的人道主义灾难，并留下了深刻的历史伤痕。尽管战后一些主要策划者被盟军逮捕，试图将他们绳之以法，但大多数人由于新成立的土耳其共和国和国际政治考量的干预而未受惩罚，一些人逃到国外，未经审判就结束了一生。这一历史章节似乎被遗忘，正如希特勒在1939年所说：“毕竟，今天谁还提起亚美尼亚人的灭绝？”