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FALKLAND, SCOTLAND

Falkland , previously in the Lands of Kilgour (c. 1200), is a village, parish and former royal burgh in Fife, Scotland, at the foot of the Lomond Hills. Etymology The earliest forms of this name include Falleland (c. 1128) and Falecklen (c. 1160), with the second element being the Scottish Gaelic lann (enclosure) or possibly its Pictish cognate, but the exact etymology is unclear since the first element could be the Gaelic falach (hidden), failc (wash), or falc (heavy rain).The later folk etymologies "falcon land" and "folkland" are not plausible. In the Middle Ages, the name Falkland only applied to the Castle; the burgh and parish were known as Kilgour, which may mean "church/cell of Gabrán". History The lands of Kilgour existed at Falkland prior to the 12th century. However, this was not until the erection of Falkland Castle some time after 1160 which was the crucial factor in the birth of the village. The site of Falkland Castle now lies within the grounds of the present Falkland Palace. The donation of the royal hunting estate of Falkland by King Malcolm to Duncan, Earl of Fife in 1160, may actually have led to any previous hunting lodge being replaced by the castle. The church of Kilgour was to west of the present town. The benefice was counted as part of the Priory of Saint Andrews. It is known that an African servant of Anne of Denmark was buried in the kirk yard there in July 1591. The benefice was counted as part of the Priory of Saint Andrews.It is known that coffins rested at a spot called the "Pillars of Hercules" on the way to Kilgour. A replacement church was built in Falkland town about thirty years later by the master mason John Mylne and his son, and the site of the old church at Kilgour is now a farm.Today, the parish church of Falkland is a Destination Hub on the St Margaret Pilgrim Journey. Despite being granted royal burgh status in 1458, Falkland had developed as a medieval settlement dependent on Falkland Palace and the Falkland Castle and therefore did not function in the same way as other royal burghs did. Falkland was the birthplace of the famous 17th century Covenanter Richard Cameron who was the town schoolmaster before he became a field preacher. His house still stands in the main street of the village. Another Covenanter, Robert Gillespie was arrested for preaching here before being imprisoned on the Bass Rock.The American country and western singer Johnny Cash traced part of his family ancestry to this district of Fife. A considerable proportion of the village (including the Palace) was restored by John, Marquis of Bute who inherited much of the land in the late 19th century. He employed the architects John Kinross and Robert Weir Schultz to undertake the works required. The Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic are named after Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount Falkland. Landmarks The gatehouse at Falkland Palace Falkland Town Hall Scotland's first conservation village is best known as the location of Falkland Palace, begun in 1500 by James IV, and the best example of French-influenced Renaissance architecture in Scotland. The palace was built to accommodate the royal court when they came to Falkland to hunt in the nearby forests; Mary, Queen of Scots, was a frequent visitor. The palace houses a Roman Catholic church which was used for the undertaking of mass. As at Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh, a fire broke out during the occupation of the buildings by Oliver Cromwell's troops in 1654. The fire destroyed the East Range. The Court never returned to Falkland Palace after 1665 and until the 19th century the village and palace were neglected. In the late 19th century extensive rebuilding and restoration work began. Today the palace and gardens are open to the public through the National Trust for Scotland.