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Overview Color centers such as vacancies in alkali halide crystals have been extensively studied from the 30s. These defects can be created by irradiation or doping. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center in diamond was identified in 1965 as a luminescent point defect with an electron spin structure in the ground state. It then received a lot of attention after the discovery in 1997 that it can be isolated as an individual quantum system inside the solid-state matrix. Its remarkably stable photoluminescence even at room luminescence makes this system an efficient and practicalsingle-photon source. Its electron spin can be addressed and coherently manipulated using a combination of optical and microwave excitations. The understanding of the NV center physical properties, in parallel with remarkable progresses in diamond material fabrication, has now led to a broad range of applications for the development of quantum technologies. In this GIAN course, we will explain why a color center can be considered as an artificial atom embedded in a solid-state matrix and I will highlight the differences with a true atom in vacuum. I will then describe the properties of two main defects in diamond: the NV center and the SiV center. I will finally focus on the electronic spin properties of the NV center and its application to magnetic sensing. We will also demonstrate some of the key measurements with NV color centers, in particular, its fluorescence and Optical Detection of Magnetic Resonance in a custom-built setup to provide a unique theory and hands-on-training experiments.