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History of Photography: 2. The Beginning by Vladimir Khazan Chinese Mozi, Aristotle, Al-Hazen, Sturm

Leonardo da Vinci 1452-1519 Roger Bacon 1219-1292 Photography is the art and science of creating still images using a camera. In Latin: Camera obscura: "dark chamber“. It is a light tight room/box with a pinhole allowing light to go through and create an image on the opposite wall. In Greek: γραφή (graphé): "drawing“ φωτός (phōtos): "light“ “Drawing with light“ Chinese philosopher Mozi (470 to 390 BCE): camera obscura is a “collecting plate“, “locked treasure room”. Euclid in his Optics (~300 BCE) used the camera obscura as a proof that light travels in straight lines. The discovery of the camera obscura that provides an image of a scene dates back to ancient China. Greek scientist Aristotle (384-322 BCE): noted that a metal plate with small hole held up to the sun will project the image of the sun onto the ground. This optical principle is the foundation of photography. Al-Hazen (Ibn al-Haytham )965–1040: successfully used camera obscura to project an outdoors image onto an indoor screen. Alhazen wrote about 90 works. The most influential is The Book of Optics. Latin translation of it was published by Friedrich Risner in Basel, in 1572 as a part of his collection Opticae thesaurus. Alhazen explained why images in cameras obscurae are upside down. Al-Hazen Medical terms retina and cornea came from the Latin translation of Alhazen’s Arabic text. It is titled Opticae Thesaurus Alhazeni Arabis Libri Septem (The Optic Treasure, Seven Arabic Books of Alhazen) 1267: Roger Bacon created convincing optical illusions by using mirrors and the basic principles of the camera obscura. Later, he used a camera obscura to project an image of the sun directly upon an opposite wall. Throughout the middle ages, Bacon's ideas were adapted for astronomical observations of the sun. The camera obscura became a popular tool for safely studying eclipses. Roger Bacon 1219-1292 March 3, 1337: Rabbi Levi ben Gershon, (1288-1344, Arles, France) studied a solar eclipse using a camera obscura. He used the camera to study the stars and planets. Rabbi Levi was recognized for important contributions to the fields of mathematics, astronomy and navigation. His name was given to a comet, and to a crater on the Moon. 1558: Giovanni Battista Della Porta, was an Italian scholar and mathematician. He studied from tutors and visiting renowned scholars. He described camera obscura with a lens and suggested its use as a drawing aid: "You will see everything clearer, the faces of men walking in the street, the colors, clothes, and everything as if you stood nearby.“ 1490: Leonardo da Vinci built a camera obscura to study eye physiology. He never used it to draw. 1568: Daniele Barbaro, was an Italian architect, writer on architecture, translator of, and commentator on, Vitruvius. He described a camera obscura with a lens and diaphragm. This early aperture could be made progressively smaller so the image would become sharper. With these improvements in optics, camera obscura no longer needed a large, room to create an image. 1677: J.C. KOHLANS, German school teacher. Described camera obscura in his book “Reinvented Mathematical And Optical Curiostats”. Published in Leipzig . The book became popular in Germany 200 years later. Johann Christoph Sturm 1635–1703 1676: Johann Christoph Sturm, was a professor of mathematics at Altdorf University in Germany. He introduced a reflex mirror mounted at 45 degree angle to the lens axis. The mirror projected the image to the screen above. Mirror Lens, Camera Obscura, Catalogue, William Y. McAllister, New York, 1890 A CAMERA OBSCURA FROM THE 19TH CENTURY PORTABLE Camera obscura, before 1753. It was a popular sketching instrument in the 18th century. This is a No. 4 Cartridge Kodak from 1897, by the latest patent date. V.K. Schulze studied medicine, chemistry, philosophy, theology, was a professor in Altdorf and Halle for anatomy. Is best known for: 1724: Discovered that, not to heat as other scientists believed. Used the phenomenon to temporarily capture shadows. CHEMICAL ERA. Johann Heinrich Schulze. Johann Heinrich Schulze, Germany 1687-1744 Schulze's work started CHEMICAL ERA in Photography. "A" Schulze's experiment with stencils AgNO3