Psychology Chapter 1 Questions скачать в хорошем качестве

Psychology Chapter 1 Questions

Explanation: 1. 🌟 "Psyche" is the Greek word meaning mind, soul, or spirit, while "logos" means study or knowledge. 2. 📈 Psychology uses scientific methods and empirical data rather than common sense or intuition to study behavior. 3. 🧠 Covert behavior refers to hidden, internal mental processes like thinking and feeling, unlike overt observable behaviors. 4. 🔍 Description is the first goal involving systematic observation to answer "what is happening" questions. 5. 💡 Explanation seeks to understand the reasons behind observed behaviors by forming theories. 6. 📊 Prediction determines future outcomes based on understanding of behavioral patterns and causes. 7. Psychology began as an independent science in 1879 at the University of Leipzig, Germany with Wundt's laboratory. 8. 🧔 Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory and developed objective introspection techniques. 9. 🧱 Structuralism focused on analyzing the basic elements or structure of the mind through introspection. 10. 🎯 Edward Titchener, Wundt's student, founded structuralism and expanded on Wundt's ideas. 11. 👁 Introspection, "looking inward into consciousness," was the primary method used by structuralists. 12. ⚙️ Functionalism studied how the mind functions to help people adapt to their environment. 13. 📚 William James was the first American psychologist and authored the first psychology textbook. 14. 🌟 "Gestalt" means form, whole, configuration, or pattern in German psychology terminology. 15. ➕ Gestalt psychologists believed the whole mind is greater than the sum of its individual parts. 16. 📊 Behaviorism focused exclusively on observable and measurable behaviors, rejecting mental processes. 17. 🔬 John B. Watson founded behaviorism and emphasized objective, scientific study of behavior. 18. 😰 Freud termed physical illnesses with emotional causes "hysteria" or conversion reactions. 19. ❄️ Freud used the iceberg metaphor where conscious awareness is just the tip above the unconscious. 20. 💤 Freud used clinical case studies, hypnosis, and dream analysis to explore the unconscious mind. 21. 🌊 The psychodynamic perspective emphasizes unconscious dynamics and conflicts within individuals. 22. 📊 Behaviorism treats the mind as a "black box," focusing on input-output rather than internal processes. 23. 🆓 Humanistic psychology emphasizes human uniqueness, free will, and self-actualization potential. 24. 💭 The cognitive perspective focuses on mental processes like reasoning, memory, and problem-solving. 25. 🧠 The biological perspective studies how brain, body, and biological processes affect psychological phenomena. 26. 👥 The sociocultural perspective examines how social and cultural factors influence human behavior. 27. 📈 Developmental psychology studies physical, cognitive, and psychological changes throughout the lifespan. 28. 🎯 Personality psychology focuses on relatively stable, enduring traits and characteristics of individuals. 29. 📈 Industrial psychology applies psychological principles to increase productivity in organizations and industries. 30. ⚖️ Forensic psychology applies psychological principles to improve police work, testimony, and legal systems. 31. ⚖️ The scientific method systematically reduces bias and error through controlled observation and experimentation. 32. 🎯 A hypothesis is a testable statement proposing relationships between variables or phenomena. 33. 🌿 Naturalistic observation involves studying subjects in their natural environment for authentic behavior. 34. 📊 Surveys efficiently collect data from large groups using standardized questions simultaneously. 35. 🔗 Correlational research measures relationships between variables but cannot establish causation. 36. 🧪 Experimental research manipulates variables under controlled conditions to establish cause-effect relationships. 37. 🎯 The independent variable is deliberately manipulated by researchers to observe its effects. 38. 📊 The dependent variable is measured to assess changes resulting from independent variable manipulation. 39. 🔍 Research begins with defining and identifying a specific problem requiring scientific investigation. 40. 📚 Reporting results allows scientific knowledge to accumulate and enables others to replicate and extend findings.