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Scientists have previously shown that stem cells can be engineered to migrate to tumors in the brain and target and kill the cancer cells. However these studies have not been conducted in a way that mimics what occurs in a clinical setting. Nearly 75% of patients that present with glioblastomas have the tumors removed; yet scientists have been treating intact solid tumors in their mouse models. After coming to this realization, HSCI Principal Faculty member Khalid Shah, PhD, and his colleagues created a new protocol that aims to translate these engineered stem cell therapies more readily into the clinic. When a tumor is removed, it leaves behind a cavity in which the stem cells can be placed. However, the cells will often "washout" because there is a cerebrospinal fluid in the cavity and rapid diffusion occurs. To counteract this, the team encapsulated the stem cells in biodegradable gel matrices, which prevented the cells from defusing. When the researchers used stem cells that were engineered with a tumor specific protein that specifically kills tumor cells called TRAIL and put them in the resection cavity, they saw a significant increase in the survival. On average the mice survived 42 days as compared to 15 days. Shah and team are now in the early stages of planning for a clinical study. Kauer TM, Figueiredo JL, Hingtgen S, Shah K. Encapsulated therapeutic stem cells implanted in the tumor resection cavity induce cell death in gliomas. Nat Neurosci. 2011 Dec 25;15(2):197-204. doi: 10.1038/nn.3019.