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Life Cycle of PET

This video provides a quick scientific overview of the manufacturing process of Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), the inert polymer invented 75 years ago, in 1941 and used for making textile filaments and fibres in its early years. Its use for making bottles and other containers was invented in 1973. Bottle grade PET is a polymer made from safe raw materials (monomers) like purified terephthalic acid (PTA), purified isophthalic acid (PIA) and monoethylene glycol (MEG) at very high temperatures and time (280-290°C for 10-12 hours) with the aid of very small amounts of catalysts, typically antimony trioxide. At this stage, the PET is extruded as transparent/white granules (chips, pellets). This is the PET resin. This PET resin is converted into bottles/containers by a purely thermo-mechanical process at high temperatures (100°C) and does not require use of any processing aids (e.g. phthalates). For making coloured bottles, FDA approved food-grade colours are used. This standardized recipe and process is in operation for more than 40 years globally. Although some similarity exist in the names, PET does not contain phthalates, nor any heavy metals (like Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury) Bisphenol-A, or any other harmful chemicals. So, the question of their leaching out into the contents just does not arise. PET is made from safe chemicals. It is thermally stable, biologically stable and chemically inert. PET bottles retain their shape and appearance easily upto 70-75°C. It is a lightweight plastic and does not interact with any of its contents. Hence, PET is the preferred material for packaging of liquid pharmaceuticals, food, water, oils, etc. The use of PET bottles for packaging of Pharmaceuticals is permitted by Indian and International Pharmacopoeias and standards, and most importantly, WHO has approved the use of PET containers for packing Pharmaceuticals and foods. Their use for packaging food is approved by Indian standards, FSSAI, International standards (such as European, US, Japanese, Chinese, Mexican, South American block, etc.) PET resin and bottles have been extensively tested in India and abroad, in accredited laboratories and found to contain no phthalates, no Bisphenol-A, no heavy metals (like Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, Mercury). In fact, no hazardous chemicals are present and hence none come out when tested as per procedures standardized by International bodies. PET is made in the same way the world over, which is why it is seamlessly traded between all countries. That is, PET made in India is exported to Japan, Germany, Canada, USA, etc. Similarly, food and pharmaceuticals packaged in PET bottles is exported to all countries. That is how the world has faith in the high quality of PET bottles made in India. PET has become the material of choice for packaging because of another important fact, namely its environmental friendliness. Compared to the traditional packaging material like glass, metal or paper, PET needs far less energy, water and land in its production. Its emissions into water and air are almost zero. PET is 100% recyclable and converted in to value added products, hence it is good for environment. PET bottle recycling provides employment to 1.6 million waste collectors, recyclers and downstream industries such as carpet, pillow, stuffed toys, textile, and apparel making industries. India has used PET bottle recycling rate of 70%, one of the highest in the world.