Acromegaly | Surgery скачать в хорошем качестве

Acromegaly | Surgery

Explore our comprehensive Medicine Neurology Lecture, covering Acromegaly in detail. Delve into etiology and pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnosis, treatment options, and surgical interventions to enhance your understanding of this rare endocrine disorder. ▬ 📌 Acromegaly Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder characterized by the excessive production of growth hormone (GH) in adults, leading to abnormal growth of bones and soft tissues. 👉 Etiology The primary cause of acromegaly is a benign tumor in the pituitary gland, known as pituitary adenoma, which produces excessive amounts of GH. In rare cases, acromegaly can also result from ectopic production of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) by tumors outside the pituitary gland. 👉 Pathophysiology In acromegaly, the overproduction of GH leads to increased levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which is responsible for the abnormal growth of bones and soft tissues. Prolonged exposure to elevated GH and IGF-1 levels results in various clinical manifestations. 👉 Clinical Features Enlargement of hands, feet, and facial features: Acromegaly causes an increase in the size of the hands, feet, and facial features, such as the nose, lips, and jaw. 📍Joint pain: Patients may experience joint pain due to bone and cartilage growth. 📍Skin changes: The skin may become thick, coarse, and oily. Voice deepening: The enlargement of vocal cords may lead to a deepening of the voice. 📍Sleep apnea: Tissue growth in the airways can cause sleep apnea, leading to disrupted sleep and daytime sleepiness. 📍Headaches and vision problems: A pituitary tumor can compress surrounding structures, causing headaches and vision issues. 👉 Diagnosis 📍Physical examination: A thorough physical examination, including an evaluation of the patient's medical history, can help identify the signs and symptoms of acromegaly. 📍Blood tests: Elevated levels of GH and IGF-1 in the blood can support the diagnosis of acromegaly. 📍Imaging studies: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to visualize the pituitary gland and identify the presence of a tumor. 👉 Treatment 📍Medications: If surgery is not successful or not possible, medications such as somatostatin analogs, dopamine agonists, and GH receptor antagonists can be used to reduce GH production or block its effects. 📍Radiation therapy: In cases where surgery and medications are not effective, radiation therapy can be used to destroy the tumor or control its growth. 👉 Possible Complications 📍Infections: Infections can occur after surgery, requiring antibiotic treatment. 📍Hormonal imbalances: Removing the pituitary tumor may affect the production of other hormones, necessitating hormone replacement therapy. Diabetes mellitus: Acromegaly can increase the risk of developing diabetes mellitus due to its effects on insulin resistance. 📍Cardiovascular disease: The increased risk of hypertension, heart disease, and stroke is associated with acromegaly. 📍Colon polyps and cancer: Patients with acromegaly have an increased risk of developing colon polyps and cancer, warranting regular colonoscopy screenings. ▬ 📌 Transsphenoidal Surgery Transsphenoidal surgery is the primary surgical treatment option for acromegaly. It is a minimally invasive procedure performed to remove the pituitary tumor responsible for the overproduction of growth hormone (GH). The surgery aims to achieve remission, reduce GH and IGF-1 levels, alleviate symptoms, and preserve normal pituitary function. 👉 Surgical Procedure 📍Approach: The transsphenoidal approach involves accessing the pituitary gland through the nose and sphenoid sinus. This method avoids the need for a craniotomy (opening the skull) and reduces the risk of complications associated with more invasive procedures. 📍Tumor removal: The surgeon uses specialized instruments, often with the aid of an endoscope or microscope, to remove the tumor from the pituitary gland. The goal is to remove the entire tumor without damaging the surrounding healthy pituitary tissue. ▬ 🎬 5500+ sqadia.com Medical Videos ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬ 👩🏻‍⚕️ Accessible Medical Student Education 24/7/365 💡 Simplifying Medical Learning 💪 Study Hard, Dream Big, Achieve More