2-Minute Neuroscience: Kratom скачать в хорошем качестве

2-Minute Neuroscience: Kratom

Kratom is a drug that can have both stimulant and opioid-like effects, depending on the dose. In this video, I discuss the mechanisms by which kratom is thought to act in the nervous system. Learn more on my website: https://neuroscientificallychallenged... WATCH MORE    • Neuropharmacology | Neuroscientifically Ch...   TRANSCRIPT Kratom is a substance obtained from the leaves of a tree native to Southeast Asia. At lower doses, kratom has stimulant effects, but higher doses result in opioid-like effects, although kratom has significantly lower potential for dependence and overdose than typical opioids. The diverse effects of kratom cause it to be used for multiple purposes, such as combating fatigue, relieving pain, and even treating opioid withdrawal. More than 40 psychoactive alkaloid substances have been found in kratom, but most of kratom’s effects are thought to be attributable to two substances: mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. Both of these substances are thought to activate opioid receptors involved in pain relief to account for kratom’s analgesic and other opioid-like effects. At the same time, kratom’s effects on the opioid receptor, and its resultant neurobehavioral effects, are distinct from those of opioid drugs. One hypothesized reason for this is that the alkaloids in kratom seem to be capable of activating different intracellular pathways by utilizing a mechanism known as biased agonism. Because of this unique mechanism, some refer to kratom alkaloids as atypical opioids. It is not completely clear what action accounts for kratom’s stimulant effects, but kratom alkaloids do bind to a variety of non-opioid receptors, including noradrenergic, serotonergic, and adenosine receptors. Actions at these other receptors–or of other kratom alkaloids that have yet to be studied in depth–might play a role in kratom’s stimulant effects. Despite having a similar mechanism to opioid drugs, kratom is not likely to cause the same serious consequences with high doses. Nevertheless, minor side effects and even serious complications have been linked to kratom in some cases. More research needs to be done to establish the safety profile of kratom as well as to understand its potential for addiction. REFERENCES Eastlack SC, Cornett EM, Kaye AD. Kratom-Pharmacology, Clinical Implications, and Outlook: A Comprehensive Review. Pain Ther. 2020 Jun;9(1):55-69. doi: 10.1007/s40122-020-00151-x. Epub 2020 Jan 28. PMID: 31994019; PMCID: PMC7203303. Han C, Schmitt J, Gilliland KM. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Kratom. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020 Jan 13. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00535. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 31841631. McCurdy CR, Sharma A, Smith KE, Veltri CA, Weiss ST, White CM, Grundmann O. An update on the clinical pharmacology of kratom: uses, abuse potential, and future considerations. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2024 Jan-Jun;17(2):131-142. doi: 10.1080/17512433.2024.2305798. Epub 2024 Jan 29. PMID: 38217374; PMCID: PMC10846393. CREDITS "Red vein kratom leaves with a flower" by Thehealingeast is licensed under CC BY 4.0. The image can be found here: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... “Typical powdered commercial Kratom, Mitragyna speciosa” by Ingenium is licensed under CC BY 3.0. The image can be found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Po... “Kratom leaves, front and back side.” by Manuel Jebauer is licensed under CC BY 3.0. The image can be found here: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... 📝 Pass your next test with my 2-minute neuro videos! My name is Marc, and I want to immerse you in the fascinating world of neuroscience. When I'm not making videos, I'm a university professor at Penn State. I made this channel to help simplify complex topics into easy-to-understand snippets, perfect for students & enthusiasts alike. 📚 I aim to make learning about the brain fun and easy. Whether you're a student seeking to supplement your studies or a curious mind eager to understand the basics of neuroscience, this channel will provide valuable insights and knowledge into the human brain. Subscribe and join our journey into the mind! 🧠