Introduction to Antibiotics Pharmacology || The Basics Are Explained скачать в хорошем качестве

Introduction to Antibiotics Pharmacology || The Basics Are Explained

Antibiotics are one group of drugs that is commonly used and prescribed, so it is important to know all the details of it and this series is the right place where you could learn antibiotics in systemic way starting with the very basics that are explained in this video... Support this work via Patreon:   / mustafasalahalden   ** More amazing antibiotic videos in my Antibiotics Pharmacology Series:    • Antibiotics Pharmacology MasterClass   *** Subscribe for more Pharmacology content: www.youtube.com/c/mustafasalahalden?s... - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- Antibiotics exploit the differences between the bacterial cells and human cells to harm the bacterial cells without harming the human cells and those include the presence of cell wall, the absence of nuclear membrane, the proteins encoded are different, the cell membrane is different, the metabolic pathways are also different... There was scientist called gram who did experiments on the bacteria with crystal violet stain and he found out that some bacteria would be stained while others would not be, later he found out that the cell wall (peptidoglycan layer) is the element that is going to be stained and it is according to it is thickness so the bacteria with thick cell wall would be stained (Gram positive ) , while the bacteria with thin or defective cell wall would not be (Gram negative) , and most of the gram negative bacteria was found to have an outer membrane which is highly selective to nutrients and materials that is beneficial to bacterial cells, so killing the gram negative bacteria is harder than killing gram positive ones ... Antibiotics classified according to their source, we have natural antibiotics (ex aminoglycosides, pencillin), synthetic (quinolones, sulfonamides) and semi synthetic (ampicillin, amoxicillin) ;; Antibiotics classified according to their mode of action, bactericidal (kills bacteria) and bacteriostatic (arrest bacterial growth so the immune system kills them easily) ;; Antibiotics also classified according to their mechanism of action, so we have cell wall inhibitors (like pencillin, cephalosporin), cell membrane inhibitors (like isonizid, azoles, nystatin), DNA inhibitors (like quinolones, rifampin), Protein synthesis inhibitors (like tetracyclines, aminoglycosides) and metabolic pathways inhibitors (like sulfonamides)... bacterial resistance is resistance to a certain antibiotic in presence of max level of that antibiotic tolerated by the host; bacterial resistance is baked into the genetic material of the bacteria and it is on two types: innate (like most gram negative bacteria are resistant to vancomycin) and acquired which is on two types, acquired by horizontal or vertical transmission or modification of normal function; horizontal transmission is when bacterial resistant genes transferred to other bacteria through plasmid, vertical transmission is when bacteria transmits resistant genes to daughter bacteria; modification of normal function is when some bacteria that is very susceptible to certain antibiotic at the begining develops resistant to that antibiotic later, like some bacteria ... Antibiotics combination is when we use more than one antibiotic at a time; combination used when there is mixed infection like diabetic foot or peritonitis and there is multiple organisms (gram positive and gram negative and anaerobes) so you need to use multiple antibiotics to cover these organisms, also used when there is severe infection like meningitis, and used when the bacteria is highly resistant to antibiotics like mycobatereum tuberculosis ;; Effects of combination include either we get synergisim and that is when combining bactericidal with bactericidal (like combining pencillin with aminoglycosides), we might get addition effect and that is when combining bacteriostatic with bacteriostatic (like combining tetracycline and erythromycin), but if we combine bactericidal with a bacteriostatic the effect would be variable it might be good (like combining pencillin with sulfadiazine in treatment of meningitis because they both penetrate into CSF in high concentrations) or might be bad (like combining pencillin with tetracycline because tetracycline arrest bacterial growth and pencillin need the bacteria to be growing fast to kill them)... pharmacology of antibiotics *** Thumbnail picture credit: MorgueFile : see [1], CC BY-SA 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/..., via Wikimedia Commons Video Timestamps 0:00 Introduction 1:40 Idea behind antibiotics 4:35 Gram +/- bacterial cells 7:49 Classification of antibiotics 14:47 Bacterial Resistance 23:27 Antibiotic combination 29:33 Antibiotics chemotherapeutic spectrum 31:34 General side effects of antibiotics