Enzyme | Enzyme Meaning | Discovery | Properties скачать в хорошем качестве

Enzyme | Enzyme Meaning | Discovery | Properties

#Enzyme #Enzyme_Meaning #Enzyme_Discoverye #Enzyme_Properties Enzymes are biological molecules that act as catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed or permanently altered in the process. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes and are essential for life. Here are some key details about enzymes: Catalysis: Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. This enables reactions to proceed at physiological temperatures compatible with life. Protein Nature: Enzymes are typically proteins, though some RNA molecules called ribozymes also exhibit catalytic activity. Substrate Specificity: Enzymes are highly specific, recognizing and binding to particular molecules called substrates. The specificity is often compared to a lock-and-key model, where the enzyme's active site fits the substrate like a key fits a lock. Active Site: The active site is a region on the enzyme where the substrate binds and the catalytic reaction takes place. This site has a specific three-dimensional shape that complements the shape of the substrate. Induced Fit Model: The induced fit model suggests that the active site of an enzyme undergoes conformational changes upon substrate binding, ensuring a more precise fit and optimal interaction for catalysis. Enzyme-Substrate Complex: When the enzyme binds to the substrate, it forms an enzyme-substrate complex. This complex undergoes changes that facilitate the conversion of substrate into product. Cofactors and Coenzymes: Many enzymes require additional non-protein molecules called cofactors or coenzymes for proper function. Cofactors can be metal ions, while coenzymes are often organic molecules, such as vitamins. Enzyme Naming: Enzymes are often named based on the reaction they catalyze, and their names usually end in "-ase." For example, lactase catalyzes the hydrolysis of lactose, and amylase catalyzes the breakdown of starch. Enzyme Regulation: Enzyme activity can be regulated to control metabolic pathways and respond to changes in the cellular environment. This regulation can occur through various mechanisms, including feedback inhibition and allosteric regulation. Classification: Enzymes are classified into several classes based on the type of reaction they catalyze. The six main classes are oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. Temperature and pH Sensitivity: Enzymes have optimal temperature and pH conditions for activity. Extreme changes in these conditions can denature the enzyme, affecting its structure and function. Enzyme Kinetics: Enzyme kinetics study the rates at which enzymes catalyze reactions. Parameters such as Michaelis-Menten kinetics and Lineweaver-Burk plots are used to describe enzyme kinetics quantitatively. Enzymes are vital for the proper functioning of cells and are involved in numerous biological processes, including metabolism, DNA replication, and cell signaling. Their importance extends to various fields, such as medicine, industry, and biotechnology, where they are utilized for diverse applications.