🔴LOGIC FINAL EXAM ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY PART 2 WITH EXPLANATION скачать в хорошем качестве

🔴LOGIC FINAL EXAM ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY PART 2 WITH EXPLANATION

#freshman#credit#investment#abrelohd Logic: The Science of Reasoning Logic is a fundamental branch of philosophy and mathematics that deals with the principles of valid reasoning. It provides a framework for analyzing arguments, identifying fallacies, and ensuring that conclusions follow logically from premises. Key Concepts in Logic: • Arguments: A set of statements, called premises, that are intended to support a conclusion. • Premises: The statements that provide evidence or reasons for the conclusion. • Conclusion: The statement that is being supported by the premises. • Validity: An argument is valid if the conclusion follows logically from the premises. A valid argument doesn't necessarily mean the premises are true, only that the conclusion is a logical consequence of the premises. • Soundness: An argument is sound if it is both valid and has true premises. A sound argument guarantees a true conclusion. • Fallacies: Errors in reasoning that make arguments invalid or unsound. Common fallacies include: Ad hominem: Attacking the person making the argument rather than the argument itself. Appeal to Authority: Using an authority figure's opinion to support a claim without providing evidence. False Dilemma: Presenting only two options when there are actually other possibilities. Hasty Generalization: Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence or a small sample size. Correlation/Causation: Assuming that because two things happen together, one must be causing the other. • Propositional Logic: Deals with the logical relationships between propositions (statements that can be either true or false). • Predicate Logic: A more sophisticated system that deals with quantifiers (like "all" and "some") and the relationships between individuals and properties. Why Study Logic? • Clear Thinking: Logic helps us think more clearly and systematically, avoiding common errors in reasoning. • Evaluating Arguments: Logic provides tools for analyzing arguments, identifying fallacies, and evaluating the strength of evidence. • Effective Communication: Logic helps us communicate our ideas more effectively, constructing clear and persuasive arguments. • Problem-Solving: Logical reasoning is essential for solving problems, making decisions, and navigating complex situations. • Understanding the World: Logic helps us understand the structure of knowledge, the relationships between ideas, and the foundations of reasoning. How Logic is Studied: • Formal Systems: Logic is often studied using formal systems, which provide a set of rules and symbols for representing and manipulating logical statements. • Informal Reasoning: We also use logic informally in our everyday lives, analyzing arguments, making decisions, and solving problems. Logic is a fundamental tool for critical thinking, clear communication, and understanding the world around us. By developing our logical reasoning skills, we can become more informed, rational, and effective thinkers.