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Differences between benign and malignant tumor

This is series of videos on cancer and the part 3 is focusing on Differences between benign and malignant tumor. One of the important concepts about the cancer is to understand the cell cycle. The link to the playlist, focusing on details of cell cycle, is the following    • Detailed Lectures on cell cycle/cell division   The link to the 1st and 2nd part of the cancer is:    • Definition of Neoplasm/Tumor and Benign Tu...      • What are Malignant Tumors/ Understanding M...   Characteristics of benign tumor 1. They are slow growing 2. They are capsulated, usually covered by a fibrous sheet of connective tissue (Myelin) 3. No necrosis 4. Metastasis absent 5. Well differentiated (Non Anaplastic) 6. Non-invasion Characteristics of malignant tumor 1. They are fast growing 2. They are non-capsulated 3. Necrosis [form of cell injury which results in the premature death of cells by autolysis; caused by factors external to the cell or tissue; infection, or trauma; result in the loss of cell membrane integrity; uncontrolled release of products of cell death into the extracellular space, initiates an inflammatory response in the surrounding tissue] is present 4. Metastasis (the spread of a cancer from the original tumor location to distant sites in the body) present Metastasis is usually via the lymphatic system or the blood vessels To be able to spread cancer cells need certain abilities which are gained via additional mutations. These mutations allow the cancer cells to break away from the primary tumor, “eat” through the basement membrane (Type IV Collangenase), “eat” through the extracellular matrix (Metalloproteinases). 5. No differentiation, Poor differentiation (Anaplastic) Anaplasia means lack of differentiation. The characteristics of anaplasia are: Pleomorphic: Different in size and shape as compared to normal cell Nucleus to cytoplasm ratio is 1: 1 as compare to normal cell where it is 1: 4 to 1:6 Abnormal mitosis: You may see tripolar, quadripolar or multipolar mitotic spindle 6. Invasion is present The movement of tumor from its primary/ origin site to other sites. The malignant tumor can spread locally (by invasion) or distally (by Metastatis). Metastatis can spread through lymphatic system, blood etc. The original mass is called the primary tumor while all subsequent masses are secondary tumors. Cancers can spread almost anywhere once they are in the lymph or blood, but the location of secondary tumor sites is not random. The circulatory anatomy mean that secondary tumors arise in certain areas most often. Due to these tendencies the most likely location of metastasis can often be predicted (see video for details)