REFRACTION THROUGH SPHERICAL SURFACES | CLASS 12 PHYSICS | CBSE | HBSE | ICSE скачать в хорошем качестве

REFRACTION THROUGH SPHERICAL SURFACES | CLASS 12 PHYSICS | CBSE | HBSE | ICSE

Refraction through a spherical surface occurs when light passes between two different transparent media (e.g., air to glass) separated by a curved boundary. It changes the direction of light, allowing for image formation through convergence or divergence. The fundamental formula governing this is , relating object distance ( ), image distance ( ), radii of curvature ( ), and refractive indices ( ). Key Concepts of Spherical Refraction Types: Surfaces can be convex (curved outward) or concave (curved inward) towards the rarer medium. Fundamental Formula: . Assumptions: The aperture (size) of the surface is small, and rays are paraxial (close to the principal axis). Sign Convention: Light travels from left to right; distances measured against the incident light are negative, and with it are positive. Center of Curvature ( ): The normal at any point of incidence always passes through the center of curvature.