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Pangkor Island is a tropical island located off the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia in the Strait of Malacca. It lies approximately 90 km southwest of Ipoh and 4 km from the coastal town of Lumut in Perak state. The island spans roughly 18 km², with a population of ~25,000 (2020 census). Geologically, Pangkor comprises primarily Mesozoic sedimentary rocks overlain by Quaternary alluvium, with hilly topography reaching 383 m at Bukit Pangkor. Key characteristics include: 1. **Biodiversity**: Coastal mangrove ecosystems (Rhizophora spp.) serve as nurseries for marine life. Rainforests host endangered species like the Pangkor Island giant squirrel (Ratufa bicolor). Coral reefs documented at Giam Island (off Pangkor's southeast) show moderate biodiversity despite past bleaching events. 2. **Climate**: Equatorial climate (Köppen *Af*) with average temperatures of 27–32°C year-round. Monsoon patterns: Southwest monsoon (May–Sept) brings drier conditions; Northeast monsoon (Nov–Mar) increases rainfall (avg. 2500 mm/yr). 3. **Socioeconomics**: Economy centered on tourism (noted for Teluk Nipah and Coral Bay beaches) and fisheries. Historical significance: Site of the 1874 Pangkor Treaty establishing British colonial influence in Malay states. 4. **Hydrology**: Limited freshwater sources reliant on rainfall catchment; desalination supplements supply during drought. Tidal range: ~3.5 m (semi-diurnal), influencing marine activities. Current environmental challenges include coastal erosion (0.5–1.2 m/yr loss at Pasir Bogak) and plastic pollution impacting marine habitats. Conservation efforts focus on seagrass restoration and sustainable tourism protocols. Geospatial reference: 4.2275° N, 100.5578° E Pangkor Island emerges abruptly from the cobalt waters of Malaysia's Perak Strait—a fractured emerald shard fringed by sand the color of crushed pearls. Its spine is jungle-clad granite, breathing mist into equatorial heat. Fishermen still mend nets in Pangkor Town's labyrinthine alleys where the air hangs thick with dried squid and diesel fumes, yet five minutes inland, hornbills crash through canopy untouched since Raffles' time. Dutch cannons rust quietly at Kota Belanda, their 1670 inscriptions bleeding iron into soil where spice traders once bled for nutmeg. Now, tiger prawns sizzle on roadside grills beside pastel Chinese temples where incense smoke twists into the cries of macaques. The west coast unfurls in crescents of dazzle: Teluk Nipah's turquoise shallows surrender to coral gardens, while at sunset, bubu traps bob like drunken constellations.