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Carthage: Rise and Fall

🎬 Watch early & support the channel on Patreon:   / parabellumhistorychannel   Or become a member on youtube:    / @parabellumhistorychannel   to unlock early access to new videos. Carthage, often remembered as Rome’s greatest rival, was far more than a mere adversary in the Punic Wars. Its history spans eight centuries, from its Phoenician origins to its tragic fall. Before Carthage’s foundation, the Phoenician city-states of the Levant, particularly Tyre, dominated Mediterranean trade. These expert seafarers established over 300 colonies across North Africa, Spain, and the islands of the western Mediterranean. Around 814 BCE, the legendary Queen Dido fled Tyre and founded Carthage, though archaeology suggests the city emerged in the late 9th century BCE. Initially a modest trading post, Carthage’s strategic location on the Tunisian Strait made it a vital commercial hub. As trade flourished, the city transitioned into an aristocratic republic, later evolving into a monarchy under Mago I in the mid-6th century BCE. Carthage expanded its influence, absorbing Phoenician colonies and forming alliances against Greek settlers in the western Mediterranean. Its military, bolstered by naval superiority, secured victories such as the Battle of Alalia in 539 BCE, cementing dominance over Sardinia and Corsica. By the early 5th century BCE, Carthage had become the dominant power in the western Mediterranean, engaging in prolonged conflicts with Greek city-states, particularly in Sicily. Its first major attempt to conquer the island in 480 BCE ended in disaster at Himera, prompting the abolition of its monarchy and the establishment of a republic. Despite setbacks, Carthage rebuilt its influence, expanding into North Africa, Spain, and the Mediterranean islands. The Carthaginians were skilled explorers and shipbuilders. Maritime expeditions, such as those led by Hanno the Navigator, extended their reach as far as West Africa, while shipbuilding innovations enabled mass production of warships at unprecedented speeds. However, their religious practices, particularly human sacrifices to Baal-Hamon and Tanit, became controversial and later faded in favor of animal offerings. Renewed conflict with Greek Sicily in 409 BCE ignited nearly 130 years of warfare. Carthage was nearly expelled by Pyrrhus of Epirus before internal unrest forced his withdrawal. By the early 3rd century BCE, a conflict in Messana escalated into the First Punic War against Rome. Though initially dominant at sea, Carthage was unprepared for Rome’s naval warfare tactics, such as the corvus boarding bridge. After 23 years of fighting, Carthage surrendered in 241 BCE, ceding Sicily and paying a heavy indemnity. The aftermath was devastating. A rebellion by unpaid mercenaries, known as the Mercenary War, nearly destroyed Carthage. Hamilcar Barca crushed the revolt, but Rome exploited Carthage’s weakness, seizing Sardinia and Corsica. To rebuild, Hamilcar expanded into Spain, securing wealth through silver mines. His son, Hannibal, sought revenge against Rome. The Second Punic War erupted in 218 BCE when Hannibal besieged Saguntum, a Roman ally. Instead of fighting in Spain, he shocked Rome by marching his army through the Alps into Italy. His campaign saw legendary victories, including at Cannae in 216 BCE. However, despite his battlefield brilliance, Rome’s Italian allies remained loyal. Roman forces waged war in Spain, capturing New Carthage and cutting off Hannibal’s reinforcements. The death of his brother Hasdrubal at the Metaurus doomed his campaign. In 202 BCE, Rome invaded Africa, and at Zama, Scipio Africanus decisively defeated Hannibal. Carthage was stripped of its empire, forced to pay a crushing indemnity, and banned from waging war without Rome’s approval. Though severely weakened, Carthage recovered economically, alarming Rome. In 146 BCE, after a brutal siege, Rome destroyed the city in the Third Punic War. A later Roman colony replaced it, but the original Carthage was erased. Despite Rome’s efforts, Carthage’s legacy endured. Its maritime innovations, commercial prowess, and legendary leaders like Hannibal left a lasting mark on history. Even in Rome, Emperor Septimius Severus, of Punic descent, honored Carthage’s past. Though physically destroyed, Carthage influenced Mediterranean history for centuries.