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Mutations (Updated)

Join the Amoeba Sisters as they explain gene and chromosome mutations, and explore the significance of these changes. This updated video has improved audio and images! Check out our updated handout on https://www.amoebasisters.com/handouts and expand for table of contents! Factual Reference: OpenStax Biology 2nd Edition, Biology 2e. OpenStax CNX. May 8, 2019 http://cnx.org/contents/8d50a0af-948b.... Codons and the amino acids they code for is represented by standard charts can be found in the public domain. While the rectangle chart is the common format, there may be other ways to represent the information. P.S. If exploring more about mutations, check out this cool codon chart that includes mutations(!!) in the public domain: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi... **Further Reading Suggestions to Go Beyond This Content!** Regarding "Random" At the point where "random" is mentioned in the video, it is discussing the effect of whether the mutation is beneficial to the organism and we follow the sentence with, "The organism can't will itself to get a certain mutation." We chose to address this, because it's important to understand organisms are not "choosing a specific mutation to adapt and evolve." An additional, lengthier source from Berkeley explains "random" in regards to mutations is here: https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolib... BUT keep in mind this is different than the mutation rate or frequency which can be altered by both external and internal factors (we actually mention some at 1:38 ). However, as we do think the word "random" could be interpreted as referring to different things, if we remake this video, we would prefer to spend some time on that discussion. Several years after this video released, a fascinating study ( https://www.nature.com/articles/s4158... ) about a plant species and mutations was published and furthers this discussion about potential issues with the term "random." While the plants in the study are still not choosing specific mutations, the results indicated that these plants have mechanisms (such as epigenetic factors) that can reduce the occurrence of harmful mutations. "Are Mutations Random?" https://academic.oup.com/evolut/artic... https://www.nature.com/scitable/topic... We think this conversation on Twitter/X started by one of the linked study's authors about the term "random" is an interesting read. https://x.com/Grey_Monroe/status/1481... "Are Mutations Random?" https://academic.oup.com/evolut/artic... https://www.nature.com/scitable/topic... -Yes, mutations can happen in viruses! Check out master teacher John Mead's National Geographic Education blog post on this with the influenza virus: https://blog.education.nationalgeogra... -Mutations in fruit flies? Learn more: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... -Careers in Genetics? National Society of Genetic Counselors: https://www.nsgc.org/page/aboutgeneti... Bioinformatics: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/arti... Flowchart from American Society of Human Genetics- http://www.ashg.org/education/career_... --------------------- The Amoeba Sisters videos demystify science with humor and relevance. The videos center on Pinky's certification and experience in teaching biology at the high school level. Amoeba Sisters videos only cover concepts that Pinky is certified to teach, and they focus on her specialty: secondary life science. Learn more about our videos here: https://www.amoebasisters.com/our-videos ⭐ Our Linktree: https://linktr.ee/amoebasisters ❤️ Support Us? https://www.amoebasisters.com/support-us 🗂️ Resources that complement our videos! Visit https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/... Biology Video Playlist:    • Amoeba Sisters Biology Learning Playlist   MUSIC: Our intro music designed and performed by Jeremiah Cheshire. End music in this video is listed free to use/no attribution required from the YouTube audio library https://www.youtube.com/audiolibrary/... TRANSLATIONS: Hindi Subtitles Credit: Alisha Aggarwal Turkish Subtitles Credit: Emre Durak Vietnamese Subtitles Credit: Cao Anh & Ha Chi https://www.amoebasisters.com/pinkys-... Our Amoeba Sisters en Español channel has our videos dubbed in Spanish!    / @amoebasistersespanol