9.宋、金、蒙元時期火器在戰爭中的使用The use of firearms in war in Song, Jin, Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties скачать в хорошем качестве

9.宋、金、蒙元時期火器在戰爭中的使用The use of firearms in war in Song, Jin, Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties

蒙元時代火器在中國周邊的傳播情況 西方稱成吉思汗是上帝之鞭，他的子孫不但接過了神鞭，而且耍的更溜，東亞中亞東歐深受其害！腳踢北海幼兒園拳打南山敬老院，攻伐不息！ 從1217年到1258年蒙軍分三次西征，最遠到達了多瑙河流域。在東方把周圍的鄰家也是挨個遍。 ①向朝鮮的傳播 1231年到1232年蒙金進攻金都開封，結果使節在高麗被殺，蒙金攜帶火砲和火藥箭於1231年攻打龜州（今龜城），不久蒙軍便攻陷京都開城。高麗國王逃亡海島。 1280年，忽必烈征討日本，在高麗當地徵集水陸兵員，建造戰船900搜。因此高麗人也熟悉了火器的使用，但是火藥和火器的製造完全有元廷掌控。 1279年蒙軍崖山全殲宋軍，南宋滅亡，大批中國人逃亡朝鮮，帶去了火器和火藥。沿海地區與朝鮮的商貿活動頻繁，加速了火器向朝鮮的傳播。 ②向日本的傳播 1260年忽必烈獲汗位後，多次派遣使節前往日本，不料日本鎌倉幕府不予理睬，蒙軍隨即興兵伐倭。 1274年忽必烈命令高麗鳳州經略史忻都率領當地軍民和女真軍共計15000人，戰船300搜渡海進攻日本。另一路有元軍元帥忽敦和高麗都督金方慶統領，攻打日本的對馬島、壱yi岐qi島，進兵博多灣。而後颶風驟起，蒙軍無奈倉促撤退。 1281年，忽必烈再次征伐日本，一路由忻度率領4萬人，從高麗渡海在壱yi岐qi島用火砲擊敗日軍。另一路有範文虎統帥10萬南宋剛剛歸附的漢軍，從中國的定海出發，結果途中又遭遇颶風敗撤。 根據日本《兵器考火砲篇》記載：鐵砲這個名詞在日本歷史上最早出現在《太平記》《八幡愚童訓》中。其中《八幡愚童訓》記錄蒙軍戰鬥情況“冑輕，乘馬，士氣勇猛，所向披靡....鐵火砲火光閃閃，震聲如雷，使人肝膽俱裂，眼昏耳聾，茫然不知所措” 另有日本畫家竹崎季長在《蒙古襲來繪詞》中記述：鐵火砲爆炸後，碎片飛向日本武士，伴隨著黑煙紅光和震耳欲聾的轟響。 此後日本派遣專人前往朝鮮了解和學習中國的火藥火器製造技術，但是元廷下令沿海要道嚴防火藥、火器傳授給日本人，並禁止沿海各地提煉硝石。所以日本直到16世紀才學習製作火藥。 ③傳播到安南（越南）和緬甸 越南古代被稱為交趾或者安南，南宋淳祐十二年忽必烈統兵3萬攻占了大理，企圖從雲南進入安南。 1257年忽必烈派使前往安南勸降，被越王陳日煚囚禁。蒙軍從大理沿紅河侵入昇龍（今河內），越王陳日煚jiong逃亡海島。但是元軍遭到越軍強烈抵抗不得已退回大理。 1284年，蒙軍第二次進攻安南，攻陷昇龍，海路則攻取了佔婆。第二年越軍擊潰元軍50萬，收復了故土。 1287至1288年，元軍第三次出兵安南，最後又敗撤，攜帶的火砲、火藥箭等火器隨之落入越軍之手，不過越軍只是得到了火器，並未仿製。 ④火器向柬埔寨傳播 中國漢代稱柬埔寨為扶南，宋朝稱真臘，元朝稱甘孛智，直到明朝才稱柬埔寨。 中國的火藥傳到柬埔寨不是通過戰爭而是以節日煙火的形式。 1295年，旅行者周達觀，隨元廷使節出訪柬埔寨，駐留2年餘，回國後寫了《真臘風土記》，書中記載：柬埔寨的京城吳哥宮每晚都會架起燃放煙花爆竹的架子。火箭可以在13公里以外的地方看到。 又記載柬埔寨向中國購買硫磺焰硝等物料製造煙火。 1273年元廷勸降緬甸，被緬甸國王拒絕並殺死元使。 直到1287年，元軍攻入蒲甘，緬甸國王投降，作戰中，緬甸接觸到了元軍的火器。 ⑤向印度尼西亞（爪哇）的傳播 這可能是元軍最憋屈的一次征戰。不錯，被人給耍了。 印度尼西亞群島古稱爪哇。 1292年，忽必烈派使臣孟琪之前往爪哇勸降，不料被施以黥qing刑，搞了個免費的紋身，忽必烈大怒。命史弼、高興、亦黑迷失等人率2萬多人戰船千艘從泉州出發，進攻爪哇，結果元軍被爪哇內鬥中的守舊派利用，成功幫助其複國。隨後被守舊派突襲，不得已元軍於1294年撤出爪哇，不過帶去的火器留在了印度尼西亞。 ⑥傳播到印度 印度是世界文明古國之一，古代稱“身毒”“天竺”等，自中國玄奘的《大唐西域記》開始稱印度。 蒙軍郭寶玉部於1221-1222年追擊扎蘭丁入印度，無奈印度氣溫過於炎熱只得放棄，不過把帶去的火藥火器等留在了印度。 印度古文化研究者戈代認為：火藥、火箭是中國人發明的，不多傳入印度的年代尚待進一步研究，印度有關火藥與火器的歷史記載，不早於1400年。 The spread of firearms around China in the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties The West calls Genghis Khan the whip of God. His descendants not only received the whip, but also played even more tricky ways. East Asia, Central Asia, and Eastern Europe suffered greatly! Kicked Beihai Kindergarten and punched Nanshan Nursing Home, the attack continued! From 1217 to 1258, the Mongolian army was divided into three western expeditions, and the furthest reached the Danube River Basin. In the east, the surrounding neighbors are also one by one. ① Spread to North Korea From 1231 to 1232, Mengjin attacked Kaifeng, the capital of gold, and as a result, the envoy was killed in Goryeo. Mengjin attacked Guizhou (now Guicheng) in 1231 with artillery and gunpowder arrows. Soon the Mongolian army captured Kaicheng, Kyoto. The King of Goryeo fled to the island. In 1280, Kublai Khan conquered Japan, recruited amphibious soldiers in Korea, and built 900 warships. Therefore, the Koreans were also familiar with the use of firearms, but the manufacture of gunpowder and firearms was completely under the control of the Yuan court. In 1279, the Mongolian army in Yashan completely wiped out the Song army, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. A large number of Chinese fled to Korea, bringing with them firearms and gunpowder. The frequent commercial activities between the coastal areas and North Korea have accelerated the spread of firearms to North Korea. ②Dissemination to Japan After Kublai Khan was granted the throne in 1260, he sent envoys to Japan many times. Unexpectedly, the Kamakura shogunate in Japan ignored them, and the Mongolian army immediately launched an army to attack the Japanese. In 1274, Kublai Khan ordered Gaoli Fengzhou Jinglu Shi Xindu to lead a total of 15,000 local soldiers, civilians and Jurchen troops, and 300 warships to cross the sea to attack Japan. On the other side, the Yuan army marshal Hu Dun and the Goryeo governor Jin Fangqing commanded, attacked Japan's Tsushima Island and Yuyiqi Island, and marched into Hakata Bay. Then the hurricane erupted, and the Mongolian army retreated in a hurry. In 1281, Kublai Khan once again attacked Japan. He led 40,000 people by Lu Xindu and crossed the sea from Goryeo to defeat the Japanese army with artillery on Yiqi Island. On the other way, Fan Wenhu commanded 100,000 Han troops who had just been attached to the Southern Song Dynasty. They set off from Dinghai, China, but were defeated by a hurricane on the way. According to Japan's "Weapon Examination Artillery Chapter", the term "iron cannon" first appeared in Japanese history in "Taipei Ji" and "Hachiman Fool's Training". Among them, "Hachiman Fool's Training" records the fighting situation of the Mongolian army, "lightweight, riding on horses, courageous and invincible... The iron artillery gleams with fire, and the sound is like thunder, making people's liver and gallbladder torn, eyes dizzy and deaf, and they don't know what to do. measures" ⑤ Spread to Indonesia (Java) ⑥ Spread to India