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nasopharynx cancer

A cancer starting in the nasopharynx (upper part of the throat behind the nose and near the base of skull), that serves as a passageway for air traveling from the nose to the throat (and then on to the lungs). (Types) • non-keratinizing undifferentiated carcinoma: Most common. Lymphoepithelioma. • non-keratinizing differentiated carcinoma • keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma • lymphoma: Cancers of immune system cells. • adenoid cystic carcinoma: A rare form of adenocarcinoma, begins in glandular tissues (minor salivary glands), more commonly found in the nasal or oral cavity. (Symptoms) • Mass in the neck: Usually dense, painless. A cancer spreading to a lymph node in the neck, causing them to swell. • Headaches. • Nasal blockage or stuffiness. • Nosebleeds. • Ear infections that keep coming back. • Hearing loss, tinnitus, pain, or feeling of fullness in the ear (especially on one side only). • Facial pain or numbness. • Trouble opening the mouth. • Trouble breathing or talking. • Blurred or double vision. (Risk factors) • Gender: Male. • Locations: Southern China, northwest Canada, Greenland. • Ethnicity: Asian, Pacific islanders, Alaskan natives. • Diet: Very high in salt-cured fish and meat. • Infection with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) • Family history: Inherited genes, shared environmental factors. • Tobacco • Alcohol • Workplace exposure to formaldehyde (Diagnosis) • nasopharyngoscopy - indirect: Uses special small mirrors and bright lights to inspect. - direct: Nasopharyngoscope, a fiber-optic scope to see the lining of the nasopharynx. • imaging tests: Chest X-ray, CT scan, MRI, PET. • biopsy: Endoscopic biopsy, fine needle aspiration biopsy. • blood tests: For metastasis (not limited to detect this disease). Epstein-Barr virus DNA levels. (Treatment) • Chemotherapy: Uses anti-cancer drugs (e.g. carboplatin, doxorubicin, epirubicin). • Chemoradiation: Some drugs make cancer cells more sensitive to radiation and are used together with radiation therapy. • Radiation therapy - External beam radiation therapy: Uses X-rays that are aimed at the tumor. - Brachytherapy (internal radiation): Insert very thin metal rods into or very near the cancer, where small pellets of radioactive materials are placed into. • Targeted drug therapy: Uses small-molecule drugs or monoclonal antibodies (e.g. cetuximab). • Immunotherapy: Uses drugs that help the patient's own immune system find and destroy cancer cells (e.g. pembrolizumab, nivolumab). • Surgery: Removal of the tumor and nearby tissue (lymph nodes, muscles, nerve tissue, and veins). The tissue and amount depend on the severity.