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Tissue membranes. A tissue membrane is a thin layer or sheet of cells that covers the outside of the body the organs, the internal passageways that lead to the exterior of the body, and the lining of the movable joint cavities. There are two basic types of membranes; connective tissue membranes. and epithelial membranes. Connective tissue membranes. The connective tissue membrane is formed solely from connective tissue. These membranes encapsulate organs, such as the kidneys, and line our movable joints. A synovial membrane is a type of connective tissue membrane that lines the cavity of freely moving joints. For example, the synovial membranes surrounding the joints of the shoulder, the elbow, and the knee. Fibroblasts in the inner layer of the synovial membrane release hyaluronan into the joint cavity. Hyaluronan effectively traps available water to form synovial fluid. Synovial fluid is a natural lubricant that enables the bones of a joint to freely move against one another, without causing too much friction. This synovial fluid readily exchanges water and nutrients with the blood, as do all bodily fluids. Epithelial membranes. The epithelial membrane is composed of epithelium, attached to a layer of connective tissue. The mucous membrane is also a composite of connective and epithelial tissues, sometimes called the mucosa. These epithelial membranes line the body cavities and hollow passageways that open up to the external environment. This includes the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive tracts. Mucus produced by the epithelial exocrine glands covers the epithelial layer. The underlying connective tissue, called the lamina propria, helps to support the fragile epithelial layer. A serous membrane is an epithelial membrane composed of mesodermally-derived epithelium, called the mesothelium, that is supported by connective tissue. These membranes line the cholemic cavities of the body, and cover the organs located within those cavities. They are essentially membranous bags, with mesothelium lining the inside, and connective tissues lining the outside. Serous fluid is secreted by cells of the thin squamous mesothelium, which lubricates the membrane and reduces abrasion and friction between organs. Serous membranes are identified according to location. Three serous membranes line the thoracic cavity. There are two pleura cavities that cover the lungs, and the pericardium which covers the heart. A fourth, is the peritoneum. This is the serous membrane in the abdominal cavity that covers the abdominal organs and forms double sheets of mesenteries that suspend many of the digestive organs. The skin is an epithelial membrane, also called the cutaneous membrane. It is a stratified squamous epithelial membrane resting on top of connective tissue. The apical surface of this membrane is exposed to the external environment and is covered with dead keratin-containing cells that help protect the body from desiccation and pathogens.