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Sialolithiasis refers to the formation of salivary gland stones (calculi) that obstruct salivary flow. Epidemiology • Lifetime prevalence of symptomatic salivary calculi: ~0.45% • Most commonly affects the submandibular gland (due to its long, tortuous duct and alkaline, mucous-rich saliva) • Less common in the parotid, sublingual, and minor salivary glands Clinical Features • Intermittent swelling of the gland, especially during meals • Pain, tenderness • Sometimes associated with infection (sialadenitis) Radiographic Findings • Up to 90% of submandibular calculi are radiopaque and seen on plain radiographs • Up to 15% are radiolucent, not visible on X-ray (Figure 45.1) Management • Conservative: Hydration, sialogogues, massage, NSAIDs • Minimally invasive: Stone retrieval using sialendoscopy • Surgical: If large stone or repeated infections #anatomy #biology #ear #ent #nose #nosebleed #otolaryngology #science #throathealth #tonsils