MAGNA CARTA - A Failed Peace Treaty скачать в хорошем качестве

MAGNA CARTA - A Failed Peace Treaty

Magna Carta is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede in 1215, originally drafted by Archbishop Stephen Langton to seek peace with rebel barons by addressing feudal grievances and promising protections such as access to swift justice and limitations on feudal payments. Although this initial version was annulled by Pope Innocent III and failed to prevent the First Barons' War, the document was reissued in modified forms by Henry III and later confirmed as English statute law by Edward I in 1297. Over centuries, particularly during the 17th century through the work of jurists like Sir Edward Coke, the charter was reinterpreted as an ancient defense of individual liberties against arbitrary monarchical power, significantly influencing the formation of the United States Constitution. While most of its clauses were repealed in the 19th and 20th centuries, Magna Carta remains a defining symbol of liberty and the rule of law, with three clauses—protecting the freedom of the church, the liberties of the City of London, and the right to due process—still remaining in force in England today.