How a Bus works скачать в хорошем качестве

How a Bus works

Buses are large road vehicles designed to carry numerous passengers, typically along fixed routes in urban or intercity public transportation systems. Derived from the Latin omnibus ("for all"), buses serve as an efficient, cost-effective mode of mass transit, reducing traffic congestion and environmental impact compared to individual cars. The concept originated in the 1820s with horse-drawn omnibuses in France and England. The first motorized bus, powered by a steam engine, appeared in 1832, but practical internal combustion engine buses emerged in the 1890s. Benz built the first gasoline-powered bus in 1895, and electric trolleys (early electric buses) gained popularity around 1900. Post-World War II, diesel engines dominated, with modern advancements including hybrid, electric, and hydrogen fuel cell models for sustainability. Iconic designs include the London Routemaster (1954–present) and American school buses. Types of buses include city/transit buses, standard single-deck vehicles for urban routes, often low-floor for accessibility; double-decker buses, with two levels for higher capacity, common in cities like London and Hong Kong; articulated buses, known as "bendy" buses with a flexible joint, accommodating up to 200 passengers; coach/intercity buses, long-distance models with amenities like reclining seats, Wi-Fi, and luggage storage; school buses, bright yellow vehicles in North America, engineered for safety with reinforced sides and stop-sign arms; minibuses, smaller variants for rural or shuttle services, seating 8–30 passengers; and specialized buses, including tour buses, airport shuttles, and trolleybuses, which are electric and powered by overhead wires. Buses typically seat 20–100+ passengers, with standing room in urban models. Key components include a chassis (often from manufacturers like Mercedes-Benz or Volvo), bodywork for aerodynamics and safety, and propulsion systems. Modern buses incorporate accessibility features (e.g., wheelchair ramps), air conditioning, GPS tracking, and automated fare collection. Safety regulations mandate features like anti-lock brakes, emergency exits, and fire suppression. Buses form the backbone of public transport in many countries, with fleets exceeding millions worldwide. They contribute to urban mobility, but challenges include emissions (addressed by electrification) and overcrowding. Innovations like autonomous buses are emerging, tested in cities like Singapore. Economically, the bus industry supports jobs in manufacturing, operation, and maintenance, with major producers including Daimler, BYD, and New Flyer.