Gastrointestinal | Biotransformation of Drugs and Toxins скачать в хорошем качестве

Gastrointestinal | Biotransformation of Drugs and Toxins

Official Ninja Nerd Website: https://ninjanerd.org Ninja Nerds! In this lecture, Professor Zach Murphy will explore the biotransformation of drugs and toxins, emphasizing how the body modifies these substances to facilitate their elimination. We begin by discussing the liver’s central role in metabolism, highlighting the two main phases of biotransformation. Phase I reactions—such as oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis—are mediated largely by the cytochrome P450 enzyme system, introducing or exposing polar groups to the compound. Phase II reactions involve conjugation processes like glucuronidation, sulfation, acetylation, and glutathione conjugation, which further increase water solubility for excretion. We then connect these biochemical pathways to their clinical relevance, explaining how genetic variability, drug–drug interactions, and liver disease can influence the rate and efficiency of biotransformation. Examples include how enzyme induction or inhibition alters drug half-life and efficacy, and why certain prodrugs require metabolic activation. Finally, we examine the role of other organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, and skin, in the excretion of biotransformed products. Enjoy the lecture and support us below! 🌐 Official Links Website: https://www.ninjanerd.org Podcast: https://podcast.ninjanerd.org Store: https://merch.ninjanerd.org 📱 Social Media   / ninjanerdlectures     / ninjanerdlectures     / ninjanerdlectures   https://x.com/ninjanerdsci/   / ninja-nerd   💬 Join Our Community Discord:   / discord   #ninjanerd #Biotransformation #Gastrointestinal