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Based on the provided clinical scenario, the woman has left-sided hydronephrosis, which is a condition characterized by the distension and dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces, usually due to obstruction of the free flow of urine from the kidney. Here's a brief explanation of each option in relation to the scenario: Bladder neck: An obstruction here would typically present with symptoms related to bladder outlet obstruction and would often affect both kidneys. Mid ureter: This would usually be due to a localized obstruction such as a stone. Given the history of recurrent UTIs, a stone could be a possibility; however, the location of the pain and the unilateral nature of the hydronephrosis suggest a higher obstruction. Renal calyx: Obstruction in the renal calyces would not usually cause significant hydronephrosis unless it was a large obstruction or affected the infundibulum, the area where the calyces join the renal pelvis. Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ): Obstruction at this location is a common cause of unilateral hydronephrosis and could result from congenital abnormalities, acquired conditions like stones, or strictures, which could be suggested by chronic UTIs and flank pain. Ureterovesical junction: Obstruction here can also cause unilateral hydronephrosis and might be associated with ureteral stones or other issues near the bladder. Given the information that it's a case of left-sided hydronephrosis, the most likely sites for obstruction based on the typical presentations would be either the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) or the ureterovesical junction. The UPJ is a common site for congenital or acquired obstruction and could be consistent with the presentation of unilateral flank pain and recurrent UTIs.