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The Emergence of Mitanni

When Mitanni enters the historical record in the 15th century BCE, it appears as a fully formed imperial power—seemingly out of nowhere. But how did this Hurrian-speaking kingdom rise so quickly in northern Mesopotamia and Syria? And what do we actually know about its origins? In this video, we explore the scholarly theories behind the emergence of Mitanni (also known as Hanigalbat), untangling the historical evidence, competing chronologies, and cultural influences that shaped one of the great powers of the Late Bronze Age. From Hittite campaigns to Hurrian migrations and Indo-Aryan royal names, we investigate the mystery of how a loose patchwork of Hurrian groups may have unified into a formidable kingdom centered in the Khabur Triangle. Music: Epidemic Sound Some sources: Michael C Astour, "Ḫattus̆ilis̆, Ḫalab, and Ḫanigalbat," Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2 (Apr., 1972): 102-109. Beckman, G. M., & Hoffner, H. A. (1999). Hittite Diplomatic Texts (2nd ed.). Society of Biblical Literature. Stefano de Martnio, "The Mitanni State: The Formation of the Kingdom of Mitanni," in Constituent, confederate, and conquered space: The emergence of the mittani state. E., Brisch, N., & Eidem, J. (eds). De Gruyter, 2014. Eva von Dassow. State and Society in the Late Bronze Age, SCCNH 17, 2008. Eva von Dassow, "Levantine Polities Under Mitannian Hegemeony," in Constituent, confederate, and conquered space: The emergence of the mittani state. E., Brisch, N., & Eidem, J. (eds). De Gruyter, 2014. Freu, J. (2003). Histoire du Mitanni. Editions L’Harmattan. Jesper Eidem, "The Kingdom of Shamshi-Adad and its Legacies," in Constituent, confederate, and conquered space: The emergence of the mittani state. E., Brisch, N., & Eidem, J. (eds). De Gruyter, 2014. Miguel Valeria, "Hani-Rabbat as the Semitic name for Mitanni," Journal of Language Relationship (6) 2011: 173-184. Bryce, T. (2005). The kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford University Press. Horst Klengel, Mitanni : Probleme seiner Expansion und politischen Struktur. Revue hittite et asianique, Tome 36, 1978: 91-115. Trevor Bryce, "The Annals and Lost Golden Statue of the Hittite King Hattusili I," Gephyra (16) 2018: 1-12. A. Gilan, “Were there Cannibals in Syria? History and Fiction in an Old Hittite Literary Text.” In: E. Cingano & L. Milano (eds.) Literature and Culture in the Ancient Mediterranean: Greece, Rome and the Near East. Quaderni Del Dipartimento di Scienze dell'Antichità e Del Vicino Oriente dell'Università Ca' Foscari. Padova, S.A.R.G.O.N. Editrice e Libreria, 2008, pp. 267-284. Alexandra von Lieven, "The Movement of Time. News from the “Clockmaker” Amenemhet," in Rich and Great: Studies in Honor of Anthony Spalinger on the Occasion of his 70th Feast of Thoth. Renata Landgráfová and Jana Mynářová (eds.) Charles University of Prague: Prague, 2015: 207-231. 00:00 The problem with Mitanni 02:00 Terminology - Hanigalbat/Mitanni 03:30 Hurrians in Syria 05:40 Models of Mitanni's Origins 06:10 17th Century Emergence 08:55 16th Century Response to the Hittites 12:55 Summary 15:00 Future Prospects 15:33 Consider Subscribing!