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Experiment Results for E.coli Evolution

The E. coli long-term evolution experiment (LTEE), started by Richard Lenski, has been hailed as a great success for showing how mutations can lead to positive changes and increased abilities in organisms. But another team of researchers (Van Hofwegen, Hovde, Minnich), reproduced Lenski's results in a fraction of the time. This brings up some questions: 1. Since E.coli developing the ability to metabolize citrate is possible to repeatedly reproduce in the lab, is it really produced by an accumulation of accidental mutations? 2. Are those neutral mutations that took years to accumulate in Lenski's lab even necessary for the development of the ability to metabolize citrate? 3. After 75,000 generations of E.coli, shouldn't we see more development? Why is it still an E.coli? 4. Are there limits to what evolutionary changes can produce? 5. What are we to make of the fact that the genome decays despite fitness gains? Rapid Evolution of Citrate Utilization: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26833... Genome decays despite fitness gains: https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas... Sal Cordova is a molecular biophysics researcher. You can find him at    / evidenceandreasons   ‪@EvidenceandReasons‬