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LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorial 13: Symbol, Spreading Factor and Chip

If you like this video and want to support me, go this page for my donation Paypal or crypto addresses:    / mobilefish   This is part 13 of the LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorial. In this video series different topics will be explained which will help you to understand LoRa/LoRaWAN. It is recommended to watch each video sequentially as I may refer to certain LoRa/LoRaWAN topics explained earlier. In this video I will explain explain what symbols, spreading factors and chips are. The chirps are cyclically-shifted, and it is the frequency jumps that determines how the data is encoded onto the chirps, aka LoRa modulation. A symbol represents one, or more bits of data, for example: Symbol = 1011111 (decimal = 95) In the example above the number of raw bits that can be encoded by the symbol is 7. This is the same as saying: Spreading Factor (SF) = 7 The symbol has 2^SF values. If SF=7, the values ranges from 0 - 127. The symbol value is encoded onto a sweep signal (up-chirp). The sweep signal is divided into 2^SF steps or chips. For example the symbol is: 1011111 (decimal value = 95) The number of raw bits that can be encoded by this symbol is 7 (SF=7) The sweep signal is divided in 2^SF = 27 = 128 chips. Another example, lets assume SF=12 Each symbol can carry 12 raw bits of information and there are 2^12 = 4096 unique chip values ranging from 0 to 4095. The Spreading Factor (SF) defines two values: The number of raw bits that can be encoded by that symbol: SF Each symbol can hold 2^SF chips Please be aware of the difference between a chirp and a chip. A symbol holds 2^SF chips. Chirps are simply a ramp from flow to fhigh (up-chirp) or fhigh to flow (down-chirp). Check out all my other LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorial videos:    • LoRa/LoRaWAN tutorials   Subscribe to my YouTube channel:    / @mobilefish   The presentation used in this video tutorial can be found at: https://www.mobilefish.com/developer/... #mobilefish #lora #lorawan